Fiber

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Fibers
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Objectives

• You will understand
• Why fibers are class evidence.
• How fibers can be used as circumstantial evidence
  to link the victim, suspect, and crime scene.
• Why statistics are important in determining the
  value of evidence.

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Objectives, continued

• You will be able to
• Distinguish and identify different types of
  fibers.
• Understand polymerization.
• Carry out an experiment in thin-layer
  chromatography.
• Judge the probative value of fiber evidence.
• Design and carry out scientific investigations.
• Use technology and mathematics to improve
  investigations and communications.

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• Fibers Made up of many filaments twisted or
  bonded together to form a thread or yarn.
• Textile fabrics woven in a distinctive pattern

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Fabric

• Fabric is made of fibers.
• Types of fibers and fabric
• Naturalanimal, vegetable, or inorganic
• Artificialsynthesized or
• created from altered natural sources

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• Are considered class evidence
• Have probative value because they can create
  connections or associations
• Are common trace evidence at a crime scene
• Can be characterized based on comparison of both
  physical and chemical properties

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Types of Fibers

• Synthetic
• Rayon
• Nylon
• Acetate
• Acrylic
• Spandex
• Polyester

• Natural
• Silk
• Cotton
• Wool
• Mohair
• Cashmere

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Classification

• Natural fibers are classified according to their
  origin
• Vegetable or cellulose
• Animal or protein
• Mineral

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Cellulose Fibers

• Cottonvegetable fiber strong, tough, flexible,
  moisture-absorbent, not shape-retentive
• Rayonchemically altered cellulose soft,
  lustrous, versatile
• Cellulose acetatecellulose that is chemically
  altered to create an entirely new compound not
  found in nature

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Fiber Comparison

• Can you describe the difference(s) between the
  cotton on
• the left and the rayon on the right?

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Protein Fibers

• Woolanimal fiber coming most often from sheep,
  but may be goat (mohair), rabbit (angora), camel,
  alpaca, llama, or vicuña
• Silkinsect fiber that is spun by a silkworm to
  make its cocoon the fiber reflects light and has
  insulating properties

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Mineral Fibers

• Asbestosa natural fiber that has been used in
  fire-resistant substances
• Rock woola manufactured mineral fiber
• Fiberglassa manufactured inorganic fiber

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Synthetic FibersMade from derivatives of
petroleum, coal, and natural gas

• Nylonmost durable of man-made fibers extremely
  lightweight
• Polyestermost widely used man-made fiber
• Acrylicprovides warmth from a lightweight, soft,
  and resilient fiber
• Spandexextreme elastic properties

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Fabric Production

• Fabrics are composed of individual threads or
  yarns that are made of fibers and are knitted,
  woven, bonded, crocheted, felted, knotted, or
  laminated.
• Most are either woven or knitted. The degree of
  stretch, absorbency, water repellence, softness,
  and durability are all individual qualities of
  the different fabrics.

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Weave Terminology

• Yarna continuous strand of fibers or filaments
  that may be twisted together
• Warplengthwise yarn. It is usually stronger,
  smoother and more even with a tighter twist to
  it.
• Weft or woofcrosswise yarn, may not necessarily
  be the same material or color as the warp
• Blenda fabric made up of two or more different
  types of fibers

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Weave Patterns
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Plain Weave

• The simplest and most common weave pattern
• The warp and weft yarns pass under each other
  alternately
• Design resembles a checkerboard

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Twill Weave

• The warp yarn is passed over one to three weft
  yarns before going under one.
• Makes a diagonal weave pattern.
• Design resembles stair steps.
• Denim is one of the most common examples.

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Satin Weave

• The yarn interlacing is not uniform
• Creates long floats
• Interlacing weave passes over four or more yarns
• Satin is the most obvious example

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Knitted Fabric

• Knitted fabrics are made by interlocking loops
  into a specific arrangement.
• It may be one continuous thread or a combination.
  
• The yarn is formed into successive rows of loops
  and then drawn through another series of loops to
  make the fabric.

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Polymers

• Synthetic fibers are made of polymers, which are
  long chains of repeating chemical units.
• The word polymer means many (poly) units (mer).
• The repeating units of a polymer are called
  monomers.
• By varying the chemical structure of the monomers
  or by varying the way they are joined together,
  polymers are created that have different
  properties.
• As a result of these differences, they can be
  distinguished from one another forensically.

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Filament Cross Sections

• Synthetic fibers are forced out of a nozzle when
  they are hot, and then they are woven. The holes
  of the nozzle are not necessarily round
  therefore, the fiber filament may have a unique
  shape in cross section.

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Testing for Identification

• Microscopic observation
• Burningobservation of how a fiber burns, the
  odor, color of flame, color of smoke, and the
  appearance of the residue
• Thermal decompositiongently heating to break
  down the fiber to the basic monomers
• Chemical testssolubility and decomposition

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Testing for Identification

• Densitythe mass of an object divided by the
  volume of the object
• Refractive indexmeasurement of the bending of
  light as it passes from air into a solid or
  liquid
• Fluorescenceabsorption and reemission of light
  used for comparing fibers as well as spotting
  fibers for collection

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Dyes

• Components that make up dyes can be separated and
  matched to an unknown.
• There are more than 7,000 different dye
  formulations.
• Chromatography is used to separate dyes for
  comparative analysis.
• The way a fabric accepts a particular dye may
  also be used to identify and compare samples.

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Collection of Fiber Evidence

• Bag clothing items individually in paper bags.
  Make sure that different items are not placed on
  the same surface before being bagged.
• Make tape lifts of exposed skin areas and any
  inanimate objects.
• Removed fibers should be folded into a small
  sheet of paper and stored in a paper bag.

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Fiber Evidence

• Fiber evidence in court cases can be used to
  connect the suspect to the victim or to the crime
  scene.
• In the case of Wayne Williams, fibers weighed
  heavily on the outcome of the case. Williams was
  convicted in 1982 based on carpet fibers that
  were found in his home, in his car, and on
  several murder victims.

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Fiber Evidence

• Based on the video, your task is to decide
• Guilty
• Not guilty
• Not proven
• Had an accomplice

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Fiber Evidence

• Considering that fibers fall into the category
  of class evidence, list and briefly elaborate on
  five other pieces of evidence that when
  compounded with the fiber evidence strongly
  implicate or strongly refute Mr. Williams as the
  murderer.

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Fiber Evidence

• What is the relevance of establishing whether or
  not Williams was trained by the CIA in unarmed
  combat?

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Fiber Evidence

• Because fibers are class evidence and are mass
  produced, the use of statistics and probability
  are important in narrowing down potential
  suspects.

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More about Fibers

• For additional information about fibers and other
  trace evidence, check out truTVs Crime Library
  at
• www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/trace
  /1.html

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Microscope parts and functions

• The compound microscope uses lenses and light to
  enlarge the image and is also called an optical
  or light microscope.
• The compound microscope has two systems of lenses
  for greater magnification,
• 1) the ocular, or eyepiece lens that one looks
  into and
• 2) the objective lens, or the lens closest to the
  object. 

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Microscope parts and functions

• Eyepiece Lens or ocular lens  the lens at the
  top that you look through.  They are usually 10X
  or 15X power. 
• Tube  Connects the eyepiece to the objective
  lenses
• Arm  Supports the tube and connects it to the
  base
• Base  The bottom of the microscope, used for
  support
• Illuminator  A steady light source (110 volts)
• Stage  The flat platform where you place your
  slides.  Stage clips hold the slides in place. 
• Revolving Nosepiece or Turret  This is the part
  that holds two or more objective lenses and can
  be rotated to easily change

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Microscope parts and functions

• Objective Lenses  Usually you will find 3 or 4
  objective lenses on a microscope.  They almost
  always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers. 
• When coupled with a 10X (most common) eyepiece
  lens, we get total magnifications of 40X (4X
  times 10X), 100X , 400X and 1000X.
•  
• The shortest lens is the lowest power, the
  longest one is the lens with the greatest power. 
   

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Microscope parts and functions

• Diaphragm or Iris  Many microscopes have a
  rotating disk under the stage. 
• This diaphragm has different sized holes and is
  used to vary the intensity and size of the cone
  of light that is projected upward into the
  slide.  There is no set rule regarding which
  setting to use for a particular power.   Rather,
  the setting is a function of the transparency of
  the specimen, the degree of contrast you desire
  and the particular objective lens in use

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Microscope parts and functions

• How to Focus Your Microscope  The proper way to
  focus a microscope is to start with the lowest
  power objective lens first and while looking from
  the side, crank the lens down as close to the
  specimen as possible without touching it. 
• Now, look through the eyepiece lens and focus
  upward only until the image is sharp.  If you
  can't get it in focus, repeat the process
  again.  
• Once the image is sharp with the low power lens,
  you should be able to simply click in the next
  power lens and do minor adjustments with the
  focus knob. 

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Microscope parts and function