What are the main characteristics of a CBD?

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What are the main characteristics of a CBD?
How many characteristics of a CBD can you spot in
the next four slides?
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What typical characteristics of a CBD are shown
here?
The Tallest Buildings Why?
Public Buildings eg. Corn Exchange / Town Hall
Busy lots of pedestrians
Markets
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Purpose built shopping centres providing
undercover shopping experience
Big Department Stores and National Chain Stores
why?
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Public Buildings eg. Corn Exchange / Town Hall
Some of the oldest buildings
Very accessible public transport traffic
management required due to congestion.
Historic/ old street pattern often some narrow
streets
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Entertainment e.g. restaurants
Entertainment e.g. pubs
Entertainment e.g. cinemas (although increasingly
these are moving further out of town)
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Urban land use Zone 1

• CBD Central Business District
• The CBD is at the heart of a town or city and
  usually has great accessibility, large shopping
  and banking areas, and government buildings

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Old Core - often narrow streets / historical core
(e.g. Old Portsmouth)
Traffic Restrictions e.g. pedestrian areas (like
Commercial Rd)
Little/ No Residential because so expensive,
maybe some flats above shops
Land has very high value - due to lack of space
and competition for land
Historical buildings (e.g. museums, castles, etc.)
Characteristics of a CBD
Many National Chain stores (attract larger
numbers of customers can afford the high land
cost/rent - e.g. MS WHS Topshop
Government buildings (e.g. councils)

• Many have covered shopping centres (e.g.
  Cascades)

-Very Accessible - major rail and road routes
(often find public transport stations meet here -
e.g. railway stations / bus stations)

• Banks, building societies, Estate Agents where
  they can receive more customers

Entertainment - restaurants, clubs, etc
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THE INNER CITY (ZONE 2) Also known as the
Twilight or Transition Zone
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Zone 2 of the Urban Land-use Model THE INNER
CITY
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When and Why did Inner City Areas Grow up?

• Developed during the 19th century due to rapid
  expansion of industry (led to the demand for
  workers)
• As more moved to the cities there was a demand
  for low cost houses for the workers
• This resulted in high-density cheap housing
  (fitting as many houses as possible in a small
  area
• People had to live close to work due to lack of
  transport

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What types of land-use are found in Inner City
areas?
Industry large factories built during the
industrial revolution (now some knocked down /
converted)
19th Century Terraced Housing
Canals and Railways
Main Roads (often now ring roads taking traffic
out of CBDs)
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Typical Characteristics of Inner City Areas

• High Density Housing

• Mainly terraced (some back to back)

• Built in Long Straight Rows

• Front doors opening onto the street

• Few Amenities (little or no sanitation (often
  built with toilet in Back Yard

• Mainly Ethnic Minorities, students, older people
  and unemployed (lower income groups)

• Mainly private / rented

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Problems in Inner City Areas (since 1950s / 1950s)
1. Industrial Decline (see other notes)
6. Overcrowding
2. High unemployment
7. Lack of Open Space
8. Lack of Parking Spaces
3. Abandoned Warehouses eyesore and led to
vandalism
9. Atmospheric Pollution (factories / traffic)
4. High Crime Rates
10. Lots of heavy traffic (for industry)
5. Poor Quality Housing
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Zone 2 Inner City

• What is the Inner City?The Inner City is the
  land-use zone around the city centre, it is also
  known as the twilight zone or zone of
  transition.When did the Inner City grow
  up?Inner city areas grew up in the 19th century
  as towns increased rapidly due to the Industrial
  Revolution. This led to the growth of factories
  and low-cost terraced housing around what is now
  the city centre.

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Social Problems - high crime rates, above average
concentrations of low-income citizens
High density 19th Century housing and
manufacturing.
Housing is usually linear, back to back and
terraced
This area tends to be run down unless housing has
been redeveloped
crowded areas with little open space
Characteristics of the Inner City
Front doors open straight on to the pavementNo
front or back gardens (just a small back yard)
factories providing employment for residents
Land values are lower than those in the CBD.
However, they still remain high. Houses are
cheaper to buy / rent
Population density in the inner city is very high
as houses have been squeezed in.
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Reasons for Suburban Growth
Reasons for Suburban Growth
INNER AND OUTER SUBURBS

• Reasons for Growth of the Suburbs
• Better public transport and increased car
  ownership meant people could separate work from
  where they live.
• 2. Building societies provided mortgages making
  it easier to buy homes
• 3. People were better off and looking for a
  better living environment.

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RURAL-URBAN FRINGE
This has lead to conflict due to different
land-uses wanting to locate here (see diagram for
examples)
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Land use in cities

• Land use zones.

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Recap Qs On paper, sketch the diagram label
the 5 zones from memory.
Outer Suburbs
Inner City/ Twilight Zone
Industrial Zone
CBD
Inner Suburbs
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Recap Qs

• Which is the oldest part of the city?
• What does CBD stand for?
• In which zone would you expect to find small
  terraced housing?
• Why are there not many detached houses with
  drives near the CBD?

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Match it up!

• Colour code the statements to fit the 5
  categories
• CBD Inner City/Twilight Zone Industrial Zone
  Inner Suburbs Outer Suburbs
• Remember to use a key

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1. Leisure and entertainment facilities
3. Very few driveways
2. Large detached houses with garages
4. Most expensive houses
6. Semi-detached houses with gardens
5. Shops and Offices
8. Grew in response to increased car ownership
7. Newest
11. Lots of public transport links
10. Parks and open spaces
9. High-rise flats may now replace some run-down
areas
12. Oldest
16. Terraced housing
13. Tall high density buildings
15. Land is cheaper
14. Cheapest housing
18. Modern out-of -town shopping centres
17. Some garages
19. High-value land
20. Industry factories
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