WORKPACKAGE 4

1

• WORKPACKAGE 4
• Collection Transport
• O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis, K.
  Fischer

2

• Collection Transport

• Efficient collection and transport system must
  consider
• Size of the waste collection area
• Economic structure
• Consumption habits
• Building area specifications
• Demands of the users
• Choice of a suitable collection system

40 70 of the waste disposal costs
3

• Collection system

• Collection method
• Container systems
• Waste vehicles
• Staff

Diverse structures in the collection area often
require several collection systems
Transport system

• Direct regional transport
• Transfer station
• Transport out of the region

Related to the situation combination of different
transport systems may be necessary
4

• Decisions to take

• What to collect
• Collection system
• Transport system

5

• What should be collected separately?

• Waste fractions
• Paper
• Glass
• Light fraction
• Metals
• Bio-waste
• Green waste
• WEEE
• Hazardous waste
• .
• .
• .

• Important pre-condition for the decision
• Waste quantities
• Waste composition
• Development of waste
• quantities during the last
• decade

• Decision influences
• Costs
• Environmental aspects
• National law
• EC regulations (packaging,
• landfill, WEEE directives)
• Market aspects

6

• How should the waste be collected?

Kerbside system

• Bring system
• Central collection points
• Civic amenity sites

7

• Decision for bring or kerbside collection

8
Collectable amounts according to the system
Central collection points
9
Civic amenity site

• The amounts collected highly depend on the
  location
• central
• easy to reach
• clean

10
Kerbside collection paper/ glass
Paper Paper Glass Glass
Amount collected kg/ca Degree of collection Amount collected kg/ca Degree of collection
Mono-bin Average of 11 cities Stuttgart 2000 40-60 68 97 67-100 15-35 38-90
Multi-fraction-bin 30-50 50-83 12-30 31-77
Bag 5-25 8-42 5-20 13-51
Paper potential 1992 60kg/ca
Glass potential 1992 39 kg/ca
11

• Kerbside collection bio-waste kg/ca

Bag 30-60
Bin 90-100
Inner-city 65-70
Housing areas minimum 3 floors 55-65
1-2 family houses 140-180
Low density housing areas 115-175
Rural areas 85-95
12

• What method should be used

Containers to be emptied Normally used for
household waste and similar to household waste
collection
One way bags Often used for textiles and light
weight fraction
Collection not using bins/bags Suitable for bulky
waste collection
Containers to be changed Mostly used for
industrial/commercial waste
13
What kind of containers are suitable
Decision criteria for container systems

• Economy (different container sizes, number of
  loaders, efficiency)

• Physical strains of the workers

• Hygiene

• Building area aspects

• Users concerns (fees, comfort, space)

14
Kerbside collection

• Dustbins
• 35 l to 110 l
• no wheels
• high physical strains
• need much time for
• collection

• Large refuse containers
• 60 l to 5000 l
• wheeled
• easy to move (safety standard for workers)
• standardized for automatic or hydraulic lifter
  systems
• large containers to be lifted automatically by
  the
• driver or by the help of loaders

Bring systems
Containers from about 800 to 4000 litres,
normally emptied into trucks with special loading
equipment
15

• Systems for separate collection

Integrated systems separated waste and residual
waste are collected at the same time with
different bins or two - chamber bins in a two -
or multi - chamber waste truck

• minimum truck traffic
• high invest costs (trucks)
• economically sound
• collection

Alternating systems separated waste and residual
waste are collected alternating

• reduced truck traffic
• no special trucks needed
• reduced flexibility for
• collection frequency

Additive systems separated waste is collected
additional to the residual waste

• high truck traffic
• high collection costs
• many fractions can be
• collected separately
• high collection flexibility

16

• Kind and number of containers needed

• Decisions already taken
• what to collect
• kerbside and/ or bring system
• collection method
• Additive, alternating or integrated
• system

Decisions to take

• to collect one or several fractions
• in one bin

• to use two- (multi-) chambered bins

• to use several mono bins

• obligatory or voluntary collection for
• the different fractions

Container volume required
17

• To calculate the required container volume needs
• Probable amount to be collected per capita and
  year
• (bring/ kerbside)
• Number of people connected (obligatory/
  voluntary
• collection)
• Volume weights of the fractions to be collected
  per bin

18
Volume weight of different fractions and
containers in Stuttgart
Stuttgart container volume provided
needed
Residual waste 42 litres/cw 25
litres/cw Bio-waste 7 litres/cw 4.5
litres/cw Paper 17 litres/cw 14 litres/cw
19
Central collection points
Calculation of the volume needed per year

20

• Containers needed for collection

• Decisions to take
• collection frequency
• container sizes

• 1 container size but different collection
  intervals
• different container sizes according to different
  building
• areas (1 family houses to high rise buildings)

21

• Collection vehicles

• Collection vehicles
• Chassis driver cabin
• Body with waste storage chamber and compaction
  aggregate
• Lifter system

must be combined according to the specific
requirements

• Chassis 2 or 3 axles chassis
• collection area (inner-city, suburbs)
• amount to be collected within one tour
• kind of waste collected (loading capacity)

22
Compaction principles
Packer body with pressing plates
Rotary drum

• very good crushing and
• compaction of the waste
• not suitable for waste that is
• collected to be recycled

• very good waste compaction
• suitable for all kinds of waste

23
Lifter systems

• lifter pick-ups
• comb
• diamond
• swivel-arm

• lifter systems for 2 containers until 240 litres
  
• lifters for two smaller and one large container
• lifters for all container sizes
• lifters for two-chamber containers and vehicles

From 80 - 5,000 litres
2 container until 360 or 1 container of 1100
liters
Two chamber container lifter
24

• Loader systems

Rear loader Side loader Front loader
The loader systems can be combined with the
various chassis, compaction and lifter systems
25
Side loader

• particularly for suburb areas
• safe and quick loading
• right wheeled
• driver watches the emptying
• pressing during driving
• driver is loader (1 worker only
• needed)
• containers can also be emptied
• without leaving the driver cabin
• reduced accident risks

26

• Front loader
• especially for large containers
• safe and quick loading
• driver watches the emptying
• pressing during driving
• driver is loader (1 worker only
• needed)
• containers can also be emptied
• without leaving the driver cabin
• reduced accident risks

The Fast Eater
27

Comparison between a rear and side loader
Both vehicles made the same tour emptying 80, 120
and 240 litres bins
Invest costs. Rear loader 260,000 DM Side
loader 340,000 DM
Assurance, maintenance, diesel, the same for both
Costs per minute Rear loader 1.02
DM/minute Side loader 1.17 DM/minute
28
Result
Rear loader Side loader
Staff 1 driver 1 loader 1 driver
Time for container emptying 55 min 60 min
Cost/vehicle 56.1 DM 70.2 DM
Staff costs 66 DM 36 DM
Total 122.10 106,20
29
Comparison between a rear and front loader
Emptying of 5 m³ containers
Invest costs. Rear loader 260,000 DM Front
loader 300,000 DM
Assurance, maintenance, diesel, the same for both
Costs per minute Rear loader 1.02
DM/minute Front loader 1.09 DM/minute
Emptying time Rear loader 4.36 minutes Front
loader 1.56 minutes
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• Result

Rear loader Rear loader Front loader
Staff 1 driver 1 loader 1 driver 1 driver
Time for container emptying 4.36 minutes 4.36 minutes 1.56 minutes
Cost/vehicle 4.96 DM 4.96 DM 2.10 DM
Staff costs 5.52 DM 2.76 DM 1.16 DM
Total 10.21 DM 7.45 DM 3.26 DM
31

• Vehicle body 2 principle systems

Fixed body Chassis and body are fixed

• Demountable container system
• chassis and body can be separated
• separation of collection and transportation
• the full demountable container is
• deposited at a transfer point, an empty
• container is picked up
• thus waste collection vehicles can return
• immediately and continue on their
• collection route

32

• Collection service

Full service
Loaders take the bins out of the properties for
collection and bring the emptied bins
back Especially in inner-city areas and for large
bins Cost intensive as more loaders or more time
are needed
No full service
Inhabitants take their bins to the street and
bring the emptied bins back
33

• Stuttgart

• Several valleys
• Some hills
• From 207-550 m

About 45 of the city require increased efforts
for waste collection
34
Population
35

• Waste collection in Stuttgart

• Responsible departments of Stuttgart authority
• Department of waste (1st step of going private)
  
• Environmental department (sewage sludge,
  landfill planning)
• Park and cemetery department (green waste
  composting)

36

• Regulations

Packaging Ordinance (1991) Packaging
manufacturers and distributors must take back
their packages for recycling
Companies from the packaging and consumer goods
industry founded the DSD system
Financed by licensing the trademark the green
dot to fillers, packers, importers For each
packaging the consumer pays a small amount
37
Act for Promoting Closed Substance Cycle Waste
Management and Ensuring Environmentally
Compatible Waste Disposal
Waste,
must firstly be avoided especially by reducing
its amount and noxiousness
must secondly be subjected to substance recycling
or used to obtain energy
38

• Responsibilities of waste collection

What Stuttgart collects separately
Glass
Paper
Light fraction (packaging)
Bio-waste
Residual waste
Green waste
Collected by the authority
1 firm
3 firms
For DSD system Collection association of 6 firms
Textiles
Hazardous waste
WEEE
Charity organisations
39
Kerbside
Paper every 3 weeks obligatory LWF every 3
weeks obligatory Residual waste weekly or
obligatory every 2 weeks (biowaste) Bio-wast
e weekly voluntary Green waste twice a
year voluntary Bulky waste twice a
year voluntary WEEE twice a
year voluntary Textiles very often voluntary
Bring system
Glass container voluntary Hazardous
waste special vehicle voluntary Textiles contai
ner voluntary
40

• Development of waste quantities

1990 1995 2000
Separately collected 57,118 77,474 86,240
Residual waste 291,741 192,056 161,844
Total 348,859 269,530 248,084
41

• Paper collection obligatory

Collection system until 1990 bring since
1990 kerbside Collection frequency every 3
weeks Service full service
Amount collected separately 1995 46,350
tons/a 82 kg/ca 2000 56,545 tons/a 97 kg/ca
Containers 120 litres 39,218 240 litres
39,408 1100 litres 14,962
42
Staff 1 driver/ 3 loaders for
containers lt360 litres 1 driver/ 2
loaders for containers gt360 litres
17 drivers and 38 loaders daily
Containers emptied per loaderday containers
lt360 litres 218 containers/loaderd containers
gt360 litres 94 containers/loaderd

Transport distance to the recycling plant
7 km (3 times per day) Daily km to drive
per collection vehicle 66 km Tons
collected per collection vehicle and day 14
tons
43

Costs for paper collection and transport Contain
ers 41 DM/ton Loaders 121 DM/ton Vehicle
33 DM/ton Total 195 DM/ton
19.1 of the paper collected is packaging
paper DSD pays the collection costs for the
packaging paper
44

• Biowaste collection voluntary

Collection system kerbside Collection
frequency weekly Service no full service
Amount collected separately 1995 590
tons/a (testing phase) 2000 14,975 tons/a 102
kg/per inhabitant connected connected people
146,838
Containers 80 litres 9,290 120 litres
11,170 240 litres 2,528
45
Staff 1 driver/ 1 loader 11
drivers and 11 loaders daily
Containers emptied per loaderday containers
lt360 litres 250 containers/loaderd
Transport distance to composting plant 40 km
(demountable excel system) Daily km to drive per
collection vehicle 72 km Tons collected per
collection vehicleday 9 tons
Costs for bio-waste collection and
transport Containers 19 DM/ton Driver 19
DM/ton Loaders 30 DM/ton Vehicle 19
DM/ton Total 87 DM/ton
46

• Light weight fraction obligatory

Collection in yellow bags (90 l volume,
transparent) Collection frequency every 3
weeks Service no full service Responsibility
is not with Stuttgart authority ? 3 firms of the
collection association collect in different city
districts
Bags collected per vehicle/d 2,687
bags/vehicled (Average of 40 cities with the
same collection system)
Amount collected separately 1995 7,724
tons/a 13.7 kg/ca 2000 6,800 tons/a 12.3 kg/ca
Staff 1 driver 2 loaders
47
Glass separately collected voluntary
Collection system bring Responsibility is
not with the Stuttgart authority 1 firm of the
collection association collects in all city
districts
Amount collected separately 1995 14,816
tons/a 26 kg/ca 2000 15,901 tons/a 27 kg/ca
Container volume provided 671 m³ green glass 661
m³ white glass 523 m³ brown glass
Container quantity 1030 containers total 282
containers 2.6 m³ 748 containers 1.5 m³
48
Green waste separately collected voluntary
Collection system kerbside Collection
frequency twice a year (spring/autumn) (private
households)
Green waste total 27,535 tons 47
kg/ca From the city (parks, zoo, cemeteries)
ca. 12,000 tons (1995) From private households
15,535 tons
49

• Hazardous waste sep. collected voluntary

Collection system bring Collection
frequency 4-6 times/year
Schadstoffmobil 155 tons/a
? 0.3 kg/ca (batteries, waste paint, solvents)
Costs for collection and transport Driver
850 DM/ton Chemist 2,285
DM/ton Vehicle 1,422 DM/ton
Total 5,295 DM/ton
50
Textiles separately collected voluntary
Textiles and shoes by charity organisations (Red
Cross, Johanniter,.)
Bring systems and kerbside systems (minimum every
month)
No collection quantities available
51

• Residual waste collection obligatory

Collection system kerbside Collection
frequency once a week (without
bio-bin) every two weeks (with
bio-bin) Service full service
Amount collected 1995 192,056 tons/a 340
kg/ca 2000 131,289 tons/a 238 kg/ca
Containers 80 litres 10,997 120 litres
51,690 240 litres 26,778 1100 litres 9,555
Staff 1 driver/ 3 loaders for containers lt360
litres 1 driver/ 2 loaders for containers gt360
litres 1 driver/ 2 loaders for mixed
collection 34 drivers and 75 loaders daily
52
Containers emptied per loaderday containers
lt360 litres 220 containers/loaderd containers
gt360 litres 78 containers/loaderd Mixed
collection 165 containers/loaderd

Transport distance to the incineration plant 10
km (3 times per day) Daily km to drive per
collection vehicle 98 km Tons collected per
collection vehicle and day 17 tons
Costs for residual waste collection and
transport Containers 15 DM/ton Driver 52
DM/ton Loaders 99 DM/ton Vehicle 34
DM/ton Total 200 DM/ton
53
Bulky waste collection voluntary
Collection system kerbside
Collection frequency twice a year

• 3 bulky waste fractions are collected
• separately (year 2000)
• Combustible bulky waste 20,411 tons 37.0
  kg/ca
• Electrical/ electronic equipment 2,595 tons
  4.7 kg/ca
• Refrigerators/freezers 544 tons 1.0 kg/ca

Transport distance to the incineration plant 10
km (3 times/day) Daily km to drive per collection
vehicle 57 km Tons collected per collection
vehicle and day 15 tons
54
Staff 1 driver/ 3 loaders for
combustible bulky waste 1 driver/ 3 loaders for
electrical/ electronic equipment 1 driver/ 2
loaders for freezers 9 drivers and 28 loaders
daily
Costs for bulky waste collection and
transport Refrigerators/freezers 525
DM/ton Electrical/ electronic equipment 246
DM/ton Combustible bulky waste Driver 32
DM/ton Loader 86 DM/ton Vehicle 26
DM/ton Total 144 DM/ton
55

• Collection vehicles

Daily use 53 collection vehicles (paper,
bio-waste, residual waste 10 collection
vehicles for bulky waste In reserve 22
collection vehicles
Residual waste Bio-waste Paper Bulky waste
Packer body (-17 m³) 16 5 8
Rotary drum 12 3 9
Demountable 8 2
56
environment
environment
environment
environment
environment
trade, industry,
trade, industry,
Level 1 total system
(ENV)
(ENV)
(ENV)
(ENV)
(ENV)
buseiness, service
buseiness, service
(TIBS)
(TIBS)
Responsibility city of Stuttgart
Responsibility others
emissions
resources
resources
emissions
supplies
resources
supplies
private house-
CT
CT
TW
TW
TW
T
T
hold (PHH)
Residual waste (?)
Part of Fuel, oil, etc
Fuel, oil, etc/ others
Exhaust gas, etc/ others
??/others
??/others
Fuel, oil, etc
Exhaust gas, etc
Bulky waste (SCB)
Hazardous waste (?)
Values
emissions
environment
(ENV)
Biowaste (SCS)
T
transport
Part of Exhaust gas, etc
treated
Paper and cardboard (SCS)
of treated
waste
Metal scrap (SCB)
(recycling)
waste (T)
trade, industry,
Values
business, service
products
(TIBS)
Glass (SCS)/Rhenus private firm
pretreated
Packaging (SCS)/DSD
waste
trade, industry,
business, service
(TIBS)
TBS - same fractions as PHH
collection
treatment
waste to
transport
Industrial waste
of waste
Ashes, salt
treatment
of waste
Industrial waste,values/firms??
(TW)
(CT)
slag
residues
other waste
relevant pro-
cesses (OWP)
Green waste composting, incineration of sludge
Green waste and christmas trees (COO)
resources
environment
L
(ENV)
Money, material etc
Road waste (COR)
Sorting of packaging, Incineration
Sewage sludge (TSS)/ office for waste water
landfill
untreated
trade, industry,
supplies
business, service
waste
(L)
L
(TIBS)
??/others
emissions
environment
(ENV)
L
neighbouring
Exhaust gas, leachate etc
region (NR)
Residual waste (TI)/neighbours
Residues, mineral waste/neighbours
exported
neighbouring
supplies
waste
region (NR) other regions
trade, industry,
CT
Hazardous waste
business, service
Industrial waste
(TIBS)
biowaste
??
system boundary "AWAST"