WORKPACKAGE 4

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• WORKPACKAGE 4
• Collection Transport
• O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis

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• Collection Transport

Objectives of WP 4
1 Development of a general methodology for data
collection to evaluate the efficiency of
collection/ transportation schemes and sorting
plants
2 Data collection in several cities and counties
(case studies) following the procedure developed
3 Simulation with the aim to improving the
efficiency of collection/ transport and sorting
schemes
4 If feasible, to implement and assess selected
improvement measures
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Problems encountered
1 Data collection does not have the priority that
is required in the project
2 At the moment, the focus of work is on
collection and transport as it is the topic that
lacks of information and data
3 Evaluation of the efficiency of sorting plants
is very time consuming as there are five sorting
plants in Stuttgart operating with different
technologies and dealing with different input
material
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General results
1 Collection transport

• Model structure is completed

• Equations are determined

• Programming has started

• Most of the required default values are available

• Detailed data from Stuttgart will be received the
  next weeks

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2 Sorting plant

• Data of one sorting plant for mixed recyclables
  are available in parts to be integrated into the
  simulator

• Data collection from Stuttgart sorting plants is
  ongoing

• Data from Rennes sorting plant are available in
  parts

3 Environmental aspects

• The structure to assess the aspects is finished
  for collection/transport

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Collection and transport
30- 70 of total waste disposal costs
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Per area and fraction
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Per area and fraction
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Basic data required to feed the simulator

• Waste amounts and composition per capita

If waste data are unknown, default values are
available and will be provided by the programme
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Basic data required to feed the simulator
Area description should include

• Number of inhabitants

For optimisation or introduction of a new system,
existing area divisions can be changed or areas
can be added

• Number of households

• Number of properties

• Building structures

• Inhabitants/households per building structure

• Km² of area

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Data required per collection area
New system / improvement
Present situation

• Fractions collected separately per bin/bag, or
  together in one container (quantities)

• User decides which fractions are to be collected
  separately with bin/bags

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Bins/ containers per area and fraction
New system / improvement
Present situation

• Number of bins according to sizes (30 - 5.500
  litres) per area and fraction

• User can fix bin sizes

• The programme suggests bin sizes according to
  area specifications

• Number of bins required is back-calculated by the
  programme using

• bin sizes chosen by the user

• area specifications

• volume weight of waste fraction

• or by volume which must be provided by municipal
  regulation

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Collection specifications per area and fraction
Collection and transport per area, vehicle and
day is determined by the following factors

• Length of a working day

• Number of shifts

• Area specifications

• Time spent driving between stops

• Distance to the disposal site

• Average haul speed to and from disposal site

• Vehicle specifications, lifter system

• One way delay time

• Unloading time at disposal site

• Off route time per day

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Collection specifications per area and fraction
Calculations of the collection parameters are
related to

• a vehicle collecting a specific waste fraction
  per day during a defined route

• per route several trips to the disposal site may
  be required, so the calculations are normally
  related to one trip

• important aspect for efficiency is the time spent
  for the different collection steps

Equations and parameters for calculations are
related to bring and kerbside systems using
specific modifications if required
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Collection specifications per area and fraction
Collection per trip can be divided into
Pick-up Pscs
From 1st container to be emptied until vehicle is
full
Haul x
Transport to the waste disposal plants, recycling
facilities or transfer station (and back)
At site tu
Time required for unloading the vehicle at the
waste disposal plant, recycling facility or
transfer station
Time per trip Tscs Pscs tu a bx
a, b are empirical constants for distances and
related velocities
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Collection specifications per area and fraction
Pick-up- time depends on
Pscs Ct (uc) (Np) (dbc)

• Number of containers emptied per trip Ct

• Unloading time per container (collector
  specific) uct

• Number of container pick-up locations (stops)
  Np

• Average time spent driving between the pick-up
  locations dbc

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• Number of containers emptied per trip Ct Ct
  vr/cf

New system / improvement
Depends on

• Previously selected

• Container sizes

cf

• Default values available and provided

• Volume weight per waste fraction and container
  size

• Selection of vehicle types (axles, payload,
  volume, rear, front, side loaders) provided

• Vehicle volume, payload v (maximum volume
  weight)

• Programme calculated

• Possible compaction ratio r

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• Unloading time per container uct uct (Lt0
  LT1 )/Ncz

Depends on
New system / improvement

• Set out time for full service Lt0

• Average default values are available and provided

• Average default values are available and provided
  or

• Emptying time per container Lt1 is a function of

• Programme provides possibility to chose the
  lifter system , providing unloading times
  according to container sizes

• Container sizes

• Lifter system

• To be selected by the user

• Number of collectors/ vehicle Nc

• Factor used if lifters are not divided z

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• Number of container pick-up locations per trip
  Np H/Nd - 2x/s - 2 td - tu - B/Nd
• tp

New system / improvement
For the present situation the following
parameters are known or calculated

• 1 or 2 shifts, working hours can be changed

• Length of working day/vehicle H

• Back-calculated

• Number of trips Nd

• Distance to the disposal plant x

• Can be changed for simulating transfer station,
  etc.

• Average haul speed to disposal plant s

• Average values road and distance specific
  available

• At site unloading time tu

• Related to selected vehicle

• One way delay time td

• All factors can be changed (collectors,
  containers, vehicles ...)

• Mean time per stop time to reach the next stop
  tp

tp (uccloc)dbc

• Off-route time B

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• Average time spent driving between the pick-up
  locations dbc

dbc D/Vmax 1-exp(0,03D)
New system / improvement

• Changing collection system, container
  neighbourhoods, etc.

• Distance between stops D

• Average values (number of bins/100 m) available
  according to area structures

• Velocity V

• Average values available according to area
  structures

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Environmental aspects collection/ transport
Parameters per waste vehicles

• Age

• Maximum payload

• Average load

• Number of axles

• Average speed

• Diesel/ 100 km

• Diesel/ t collected

• Percentage of increased efforts

• km/ year

• Filters installed

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Transport considered

• Waste collection and transport to the waste
  disposal plant or transfer station

• Waste transport from transfer station to
  recycling facilities, composting plant,
  incineration, MBPT or landfill (specific
  transportation trucks)

• Waste transport from sorting plant to recycling
  facilities, incineration, MBPT or landfill

• For central collection points/ civic amenity
  sites, private trips will be calculated by using
  average default values (according to inhabitants
  connected per location)

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Sorting plant (MRF) for mixed recyclables
Input 22,700 tons/year (maximum capacity 26,000
tons/year)
Inhabitants connected 182,000
Sorted

• Packaging waste

• Paper/ cardboard sorted into different qualities

• Small WEEE

• Batteries

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Data available in parts

• Input streams, quantities per fraction

• Input/ output of each sorting station

• Technical data and input/output drum 1 and 2

• Technical data input/ output Sotima (density
  separator)

• Technical data and efficiency of the magnetic
  separators and Eddy-Current separator

• Technical data conveyor belts, pressing devices
  etc.

• For some aggregates equations for the simulator
  are available

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Available data concerning sorting efficiency (on
a monthly basis)

• Staff per shift

• Quantities collected per fraction and shift

• Time for pressing

• Running hours

• Tons per hour (from green household bin)

• Tons per hour (commercial recyclables)

• Additional cleaning

• Interruption hours divided into cleaning,
  overfilled sorting belt, defect...

• Working time (hours per person and month)

• Working days per month

• Capacity utilisation ()

• Total hours per shift

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Origin ???