War in Europe

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War in Europe England and Spain were rival
powers in Europe in the 1500s Spain had the most
wealth and greatest navy because of
exploration After the British defeated
the Spanish Armada it opened exploration of
the Americas to other Europeans Early
Settlements 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert
claimed Newfoundland for England 1585 Sir
Walter Raleigh settled Roanoke Island off North
Carolina - they returned after a difficult
winter 1587 John White brought new
settlers to the island and returned to
England for supplies By the time he
returned the settlers had disappeared Left a
gatepost carving Croatoan
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Jamestown (1607) Established by the Virginia
Company (joint-stock company) Faced many
hardships in the early years 1608 Capt. John
Smith was sent to govern the colonies
along with others Didnt find the gold
they were searching for Winter of 1609-1610
known as The Starving Time Tobacco became
the cash crop for the colony Trouble with Native
Americans Improved some after Pocahontas
married John Rolfe Governing the colony
House of Burgesses 2 representatives
from each of the 10 towns made
local laws King James eventually cancels the
charter and VA becomes a royal colony
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Plymouth (1620) Two factions formed in the
Anglican church Puritans wanted to reform the
church Separatists wanted to form a new
church -Became known as the Pilgrims
-Fled from England to Netherlands because of
harsh treatments Asked the VA Co. for
safe passage to settle in VA The
Mayflower landed farther northCape Cod, MA
Pilgrims made a contract to establish law
order Mayflower Compact beginning of
rep. government Native
Americans teach them to survive in America
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Types of Colonies Charter Colony CT,
RI -Est. by groups of settlers receiving a
charter from the king -Elected governors and
representatives for both houses of the
legislature -Britain approved the Governors who
couldnt veto acts of legislation
Proprietary Colony DE, MD, PA -Land given to
proprietors by the King -Proprietor ran
government appointed Gov. and Upper house of
legislature -Colonists elected lower house
representatives Royal Colony GA, MA, NH,
NJ, NC, SC, VA -Ruled by King appointed Gov.
and council -Colonists elected assembly who
usually did what king asked
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New England Colonies Began in 1629 as a
royal charter to the Massachusetts Bay Co. John
Winthrop was Gov. main city was Boston The key
to success in the colonies was settlement
Between 1607 and 1775 almost 1 million settlers
moved to the Americas from
Britain 1630s Great Migration 15,000
Puritans leave Europe to escape
religious intolerance and economic
hardship Improvements in living conditions
helped boost pop. Larger families,
healthier children, longer life spans
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Life in New England Soil was difficult to
farm mostly subsistence farming
Shipbuilding, fishing industries became the main
economic sources Small businesses,
craftspeople, etc. flourished in this
environment Most people settled in towns
Greens or common areas for livestock and
military training Meetinghouses for town
meetings and church services Colonial
Government Mass. Bay Colony created a
colonial legislature (General Court) Adult male
church members who owned property voted for
representatives to the Court Problems
within the Mass. Bay Colony While many settlers
to the area came looking for religious freedom
they were intolerant of others religious beliefs
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New Colonies form Connecticut 1636
Thomas Hooker Settlers moved to the fertile
Conn. River Adopted 1st written constitution in
America Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Rhode Island Roger Williams Allowed
religious tolerance of all faiths New
Hampshire 1638 John Wheelwright
Didnt gain independence from MA until 1679
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New England becomes a center for Trade
Manufactured goods were sent to New England in
exchange for fish, furs, fruit, etc. from
American colonies Triangular Trade forms       
1. Sugar, molasses from the West Indies was
shipped to New England        2.
Molasses was made into rum and sent to England
3. Rum and manufactured goods from England
and the colonies were shipped to West
Africa        4. Goods were traded for
enslaved Africans who were taken to
the W. Indies to work on the sugar
plantations The most inhumane part of the
journey was the Middle Passage when slaves
were brought to the America
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Middle Colonies 1621 Dutch West India Co.
settles along the Hudson River Colony is called
New Netherlands Main settlement is New Amsterdam
(Manhattan Island, NY) Because of excellent
harbors it becomes the trade center Colonies
land was controlled by patroons Ruled like
kings with their own courts/laws Populated by
colonists from Netherlands, Germany, Sweden
Finland They paid the patroons in labor
crops 1642 The Glorious Revolution Puritan
Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell overthrew
King Puritans return to England and those
loyal to the king left for America
1658 The Restoration Cromwell dies and
Parliament returns the throne to Charles II in
1660
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1664 English sent a fleet to attack New
Amsterdam because they wanted the
port city Peter Stuyvesant was Gov. of the
colony He had strict laws high
taxes-disliked by colonists Was forced to
surrender because he was unprepared King Charles
II gives colony to his brother the Duke of York
Proprietary colony renames it New
York Owned all the land and controlled the
government Most settlers lived along the Hudson
River (8,000) various nationalities
(Dutch, Swedish, German, Native Am.,
Puritans, African slaves) The Duke promised
they could keep their religions 1683
Population of New York grew to over 12,000 The
Duke appointed a Gov. and Council but the
colonists wanted representation 1691 -
Received the right to elected a legislature
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New Jersey Separates The southern part of
New York b/w the Hudson and Delaware R. was
given away Lord John Berkley and George Carteret
became the proprietors - Named the new
colony New Jersey after the Isle of
Jersey - Offered large tracts of land,
freedom of religion, trial by jury,
and representative government
to attract settlers Because of its lack of
harbors it didnt make the profits Carteret
and Berkley had both sold out by 1702 it was
a royal colony
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Pennsylvania 1680-The King owed William Penn
a large sum of money for a loan Penn asked if he
could have land in America as payment The
Quakers (Society of Friends) Penn was part of
this religious group Believed all people had an
inner light guiding them to
salvations Allowed everyone to experience God
in their own way Quakers were tolerant of
others beliefs Many feared this because they
didnt use traditional church
ceremonies Wouldnt bow to lords because they
believed all were equal Pacifists who refused
to fight for political reasons Were often
persecuted for their beliefs Pennsylvania was a
holy experimentput ideas into practice
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1682-Began building Philadelphia-called the
City of Brotherly Love Penn was the first town
planner designing the city himself Wrote the
first Constitution for the colony Negotiated the
first treaties w/ Native Americans for selling
land Advertised for settlers in pamphlets all
over Europe 1683 3,000 English, Welsh,
Irish, Dutch, Germans arrived 1701-Charter
of Liberties gave colonists the right to elect
representatives to the legislature
1704-Charter of Privileges allowed the lower 3
counties to form own government became the
colony of Delaware (Swedes, Dutch English)
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Southern Colonies A labor intensive
land The Southern land required a lot of work to
maintain the profits of cash crops By
1660 tobacco prices were falling so plantation
owners needed more land and labor to
continue to make the profits They
Used 1. Scotch/English criminals and
prisoners of war from Ireland came
to earn release after 7 yrs 2. Indentured
servants worked for a certain time to
pay for passage to America 3.
African slaves were also used on
plantations
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Maryland (1632) King gave to Sir George
Calvert (Lord Baltimore) proprietary
colony 1634-Two sons went to America to run
the colony-had 200 settlers The land was fertile
didnt plant just tobacco Diversified with
corn, wheat, fruit, vegetables livestock
1729-Baltimore was the largest settlement in the
colony Lord Baltimore gave large tracts of land
to relatives, English aristocrats and promised
100 acres to each settler, 100 to their wife,
100 for each servant, 50 for children Aristocra
ts owned huge plantations that had to be farmed
Introduced indentured servants and slave
labor 1760s hire astronomers Charles Mason
Jeremiah Dixon to map it lay out the entire
boundary using stones with both families crests
Religious Freedom Meant as a safe place for
Catholics Calverts sons had also allowed
Protestants and they soon outnumbered the
Catholics 1649 Act of Toleration gave
both religions the right to worship 1692
Protestants controlled assembly and made Anglican
Church the official church for the
colony
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Virginia Virginia continued to grow from
1607 (Jamestown) Plantations took all the
tidewater land-new settlers moved west Native
Americans were unhappy with being forced off
land 1640sGov. William Berkeleykeeps settlers
from moving west Western settlers like
Nathaniel Bacon were unhappy felt they werent
represented in the colonial govt. settled west
of the territory anyway Native Americans
attacked government refused aid 1678-Bacons
Rebellion Led western settlers to attack
Native Americans Governor condemned these
actions Bacon marched on Jamestown set
fire to it Berkeley fled into exile but Bacon
suddenly dies and English send troops to
restore order Results of rebellion Showed
England colonies wouldnt be confined Colonial
government created a militia to fight
Indians Opened up more land for settlement
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The Carolinas Charles II found the colony
and gave land to large proprietors Constitution
written by John Locke Northern part was settled
by small farmers, they did not have any port
cities of their own Southern part had fertile
farmland and the harbor city of Charleston
Cash crops rice and indigo (blue gold)
Many settlers came from Barbados (English Colony
in Bahamas) Brought their slaves with
them Rice was also a labor intensive crop and
slavery began to grow Northern settlers were
angry because they werent allowed a part in
the government Seized control from the
proprietors and divided the colony in
1729 into North South Carolina
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Georgia (1733) James Oglethorpe 1. It was
a colony for debtors to make a fresh start
2. A military barrier between the English and the
Spanish 3. Religious refugees also came
there Savannah was the main city Oglethorpes
laws Ban slavery, Catholics, and Rum in the
colony Also limited the size of land
grants Settlers complained and Oglethorpe
lifted all bans except slavery
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Colonial Culture Religion Great
Awakening Strong religious values were
established in the colonies from 1720-1740
Family Men were head of the household Voting
rights only applied to white men who owned
property Women participated in the decision
making within the house In cities and towns
they worked outside the home some
Education Valued in society Literacy rates
were 85 men, 50 women Many schools were run by
women from their homes Quakers ran schools
in the middle colonies Craftspeople opened
trade schools for apprentices Harvard (1636)
was the first college Puritans The
Enlightenment Said that knowledge, science and
reason could improve society Spread ideas
through newspaper, lectures, and
organizations Held the idea of freedom of speech
as a basic right
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New France Founded Quebec in
1608 Interested in fishing fur trader Built
forts and trading posts to protect their
interests 1663 New France becomes a Royal
colony Jean Talon royal governor supported
further exploration Down the Mississippi
River 1670s began to explore the Mississippi
River Marquette Joliet Searched for
gold and a water route to the Pacific Found the
place the Arkansas R. joined the Mississippi
flowed to the Gulf of Mexico Robert
LaSalle Followed the Mississippi to the Gulf -
Claimed the region for France 1718 New
Orleans is founded for France Later
explorers went west to the Rockies Rio Grande
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Growth of New France Seigneuries (estates)
much like patroons Tenant farmers paid an annual
rent worked for the lord a certain number of
days Relationships with Native
Americans Better than any other European
group Trappers missionaries learned the
language respected their ways French
colonies grew more slowly and didnt push them
off their land
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New Spain Spanish had control of Mexico,
Caribbean, Central South America, western
southern N. America (Southwest Pacific
coast) 1610 - Sent soldiers missionaries
settlers to found Santa Fe to protect borders
from other Europeans Spread into Arizona
and later Texas after France claimed New
Orleans Missions in California
Religious establishments along the Pacific
coast Used as Spanish claims and to convert
Native Americans Often forced Native
Americans to labor at the missions also European
conflicts in North America 1. Early 1700s
many battles broke out between the English
Spain 2. Georgia Spanish Florida
were often fighting 3. France and Great
Britain eventually become the greatest
rivals