??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

1
???????? I
???? ???????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????
??????????????? ??????????? 1.?????????????????
2.???????(?????????) 3.????????? 4.??????? 5.?????
?(?????????????????) 6.??????(???????????????????)
7.???????(????????????VOC?????) 8.???????? 9.????
? 10.???????????????????????
2
0????(????????????)
?????,?????????????????????????????????????. ??p,
????????????? exp( -z/H) ????? ????????????
??
????290K??????,?????????6.5K/km??????????
T(z)T(0)-Gz ?11km??(?????) lt?
????????????????????? 11?20km
????????(?????)??????.11km??????????gt?????????????
???(??????????) ??????????????????????2?/km??????
????????level???????????9km,??????16km
?50km??85km????????????????????
3
??????????
???????????????????????????????1??????????? ?gt????
?(?)??? ???????????????????? ????????????????
????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????
???????????????????? ???????????????????CH4 ????
?????????CO ?????????????????????? 1??3?????????
?????????
?????
CH4
10-6(ppmv)
??????(???????????3??)
???????????????
4
?1???????????
1-1????? ??????????????????????????Holton ?
An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology
???????????????.????????????????????????????????
?????????? ?gt????????????????????????????,
??????????????????????? v v ( x, y, z, t )
????????????????2?????????????????? p p ( x, y,
z, t ) ??? ? ?( x, y, z, t )
?????????5????????????????????????????????? T T
( x, y, z, t )???????????? ??100km???????????????
??1????????????? ?gt???????????????
????????(hPa)??????????????????
2002?9?25????????
???????1????????????????????????????? 2002????????
???????
5
???????
??(??)?????????????????. ????????????????????????
??????? (??????????1?)
??????(????) (1)
?????(??????????)?????????????? (2)
2003?9?11????????(???????)
(3)
???????????????????(GCM)?????????????
(4)
????(??)??????? R 287 J / kg / K
(5)
???????
(6)
cp????? ( 1004 J / kg / K )
???????????????
????-gt
?????(??????)
6
1-2??????
????????(??????)?????? ???? ????Muller and
Brasseur(1995)??
?????????????????????(???????) ?????????????????/?
??????????????????????????????
??/???????????????????? ?????????????????emission?
????deposition
????????1???? ??????????????????????????????????
?????(???????GCM????????????????)?
???????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????
??????????????????????????????????
????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????
????????? ????? ????
7
?????????
????????????????????????????????????????
(???????????????????????????????????????) ???????
??????????????? ????????????????? ?gt ???
?????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????
ECMWF???????????????????????????????????? ??????
???????????? ????????? T42(???????)
2.8x2.8????????????????? ( ?250km )
????????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????
10000km ?????????? ??????? explicit
??????gt?????????? ?????????????? T106??100km???
???? ??a???????? ?????????????????ECMWF???????????
???????????T106?????????????? ??(????) ????
??????? ?gt?????????????????? ????
??????????????????????
????
????
8
1?3???????
????????????????????(??????????????????????)???
?????consistent??????? ???????????? (??????????
??) lt????????????????????????????? ?gt
?????????????????????????? ??????????????????
???????????????? (?????????????)
1??????300hPa??????????????
lt?

????????????????
9
???????????????
???????(????????)?30??????????Hadley??
??????????
Hadley ???Rossby??(???????) Walker??????????????
????????????????? ?????

???
????????????
???????????????????
10
??????????????
??/??????,???????????????93??1???????? ????????
????????? ?????????????
???
???????????? ????????(????)? ??????2?????
???/?????????? ?gt????????3??
???????????????????? ????????????????????????????
? ?gt ??????? ????????
?????????????????? ? ?gt????????????cross????? ??
???????? ???
Holton et al. (1995, Rev. Geophys.)??
11
????
?????????????????????? ?????? ?gt??????????
????????????????

??????????????
?????????????????(g/kg)
12
1-4??(???????????)
Emanuel and Pierrehumbert,1996, NASA ASI
315K?330K??????????????????????3?1???10???????
??????????????????????????????????ECMWF???(???????
????????????)?????????????
315
??????????
???????????????
?GCM??????6??????flux???(????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????)?Kawatani and
Takahashi, 2003, J. M. S. J.
320
????????
350
320
???????--gt????
????????????????????????Lagrange???????
13
??????????????3?????????????, 1977, J. M. S. J.
(??????????)
30??
10??
200mb
10??
200mb????????????????? ???????????(?????) ??45-
60????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????cross????????
20??
???????????
14
???????????
?????????CO???????????????????????????????????Lagr
ange??????
Blake et al.
???
CO
9.2km
1.5km
4.2km
Aircraft??????96??8??10?????PEM-Tropics A
10????????????????????????????????
15
1-5??????????????????????
????????????????
??????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
1????????
Mass flux ? ?????? ??flux ??? M -?/g??w
Yanai et al. (1973)
??2??????????????????DMS(???????(CH3)2S)??????????
??????????????????????????Wang and Prinn, 1998,
JGR
???2?????(????????????)
??????Mass flux ???? ????(??)?Mass flux????

???????Fraction? ????(?????????????????)
?gt ???GCM?????????????????????? ?????
??????
16
??????
????????????
?? ??????? (????)???????????
?????????????????GCM??????????????Mass
flux??????????
??(????????? s cpTgz)??????????
???
?????
???????
????????????1?????????? ?condensation ???
????????????(?????????????????1???????) ?
???????????? ????????????
??? ???????????? ????????
????????Mass flux????????????(?????????)? -gt????A
rakawa and Schubert(1974) -gt???????????
???????????? ????????????????
????????????????
17
1-6?????
??????????? 3x107m/20m/s 1.5x106s17days??
????
??????????????????????7????38N???? 222Rn
(e-folding time?5.5?)?????????
???????????lt???????????????
JJA(?)?????????????
Jacob and Prather, 1990, Tellus?????GISS-GCM??????
? ??????????dry convection ????????? ?gt?????????
?????????????

JJA?200hPa???????
18
????????????
850hPa
????????????

????6? ?12 ???????????????????????????????????????
????????????1??????????
1?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????1?????Taguchi, 1993, JMSJ
19
?????????
Muller and Brasseur, 1995, JGR
????????????????(??????????)??????????
?????????(ECMWF?????)??????? ?gt ???????
ITCZ, ?????????1.1???????
Kr85(??15?)? ????????(dash???????????????(30W))??
?????????????
??????Radon222(???3.2?)?????
20
1-7?????????
??????????? ?????Hadley??????????????????
?????????????? -gt ????????? ????????? lt?gt
?????????? ?????????????
lt? ??????????????????
1???????
CH4?0.5 W/m2?????? CO2?1.5 Hydrocarbon0.5
indirect -1.5???????0.5W/m2 ?gt????????????
???????
IPCC 2001
???????(NOx???)Crutzen and Zimmermann, Tellus,
1991 CH4 OH -gt CH3 H2O CH3 O2 M
-gt CH3O2 M CH3O2 ????????? CH3O2 NO -gt
CH3O NO2 CH3O ???? CH3O O2 -gt HCHO
HO2 CH2O ???????? NO HO2 -gt NO2
OH NO2 hv -gt O NO x2 O O2 M
-gt O3 M x2 ---------- CH4 4O2 hv
-gt 2O3 HCHO H2O CH4???10???

21
??????????emission
????????emission???
?????source?????gt??????? CH4 emission
485 Tg/y photo
destruction -397 (????) deposition
-8.5 -------------------------------------------
-------------- 79 Tg/y -gt 1.7 /y
?????
emission ??(???????) Tg/y ???????Jacob ??

???????emission
Muller and Brasseur, 1995, JGR
? ?gt ?????
22
?????(??????)
???CH4 6? Muller and Brasseur(1995) 2ppmv
????? ?????????? ?? rice paddies,
cattle ??????????? coal mining, gas leak,
waste disposal
?????????NCAR????????????MOZART?????? (South
Pole?????)
T180days, sigma0.98
MOZART??????
Brasseur et al., 1998, JGR
Hauglustaine et al., 1998, JGR
23
2 OH????
OH????????????????????????????????????
??????OH???7?
O3 h?(310nm??)-gt O(1D) O2 H2O O(1D) -gt 2OH

????????OH?7?3??6GMT
H2O????????????????????????????????????????????

24
3CO????
CO?????????Crutzen and Zimmermann, Tellus,
1991 CO OH -gt CO2 H H O2 M
-gt HO2 M HO2 ????????? NO HO2 -gt
NO2 OH NO2 hv -gt O NO O O2
M -gt O3 M --------------------------
--------- CO hv 2O2 -gt O3 CO2
CO??????? COOH (k10-13 ) x106 10-7 100???
CO emission???7? Brasseur et al., 1998
MAZART??????? emission 1219
Tg-CO/yr ?????881 -gt total source
2100 ?????1730, dry190 net sink1920
chemical ?? (???????gt?????????gtCO) CH2O
h? ----gt H CHO (?350nm) H O2M ----gt HO2
M CHO O2 -----gt CO HO2 ----------
CH2O 2O2 ----gt CO 2HO2
Sudo et al., 2002, JGR?? emission 1227
Tg-CO/yr ?????1574 -gt total source
2801 ??2610, dry133, net sink2743 STE 191


25
??????CO??
?????????????????????
1?????CO??
????? ?????
????9?10?????
7??CO
????CO???1?
1994??10??????CO??(MAPS)?????ENSO?????????????????
????
?????????????????CO???????? ?gtemission???????????
???????(??????)
3-10km(500mb?peak)?CO
26
???????CO??????????????????????performance????gt?
????
Shindell et al.
Global?(ppbv)
Greyno data
????
?????

???MOPITT?????????????2000??4??10??500hPa?????????
???????????????CO????????????underestimate???? -gt
CO?emission??????????????????????
27
?? CHASER?NOX????

???NO???????
28
1-8???????
Hauglustaine et al., 1998, JGR
????????
7???????????????????????
???????????
??????1?(??) CH4 OH -gt CH3 H2O
CH3 O2 M -gt CH3O2 M CH3O2 NO -gt
CH3O NO2 CH3O O2 -gt HCHO HO2
NO HO2 -gt NO2 OH NO2 hv
-gt O NO x2 O O2 M -gt O3 M x2
---------- CH4 4O2 hv -gt 2O3 HCHO H2O
1???????
29
???????????
???1?????????????????????????????
??????????
MOZART????7??????????????????????????????
??????????????????? MOZART?????391Tg/y????????
507Tg/y CHASER?????593Tg/y????????397Tg/y
???????(DU??)????, Fishman and Balok, 1999, JGR
30
ENSO????????????? Sudo and Takahashi, 2002, GRL
??????????
??????????????????mass flux?anomaly(?)????????????
?????? NOX, CO?????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????
1997??ENSO???????????(96????)????????????????????
???????????????????96,97????????????
?????????????????