Title: ??????????(?????????(SP)),?????(EP)???????????????,???????
1??????
2??
- ????????,?????????????????????????????,??????????
??,? - ??????????(?????????(SP)),?????(EP)????????????
???,???????
3?? NaOH??HCl
?? NaOH HClgtNaCl H2O
????? ??
??
???????,? VNaOHCNaOHVHClCHCl CHCl
VNaOHCNaOH/VHCl ??VHCl ?CNaOH ????VNaOH??????
4??
pH
NaOHHCl
????
????
??????
V (ml)
NaOHltHCl
NaOHgtHCl
NaOH??HCl
?????
5??????????
- ??????????????(?????????)?
- ?????,???
- ??????
- ?????
- ????,???????
- ????,???
6??????
7????
pH
??????? ???? HCHX(1-f)/2 v C2HX(1- f )2/4
Kw f ????? Kw?????10-14 CHX??????? f 1?
pH7
CHX 0.0001 6.79---7.21
CHX 0.001 6---8
CHX 0.01 5---9
CHX 0.1 4---10
V
8????
pH
??????? Kw?????10-14 CHX??????? KHXHX/HX
CHX 0.1M
pKHX10
pKHX7
pKHX5
????,?????? KC10-8
pKHX3
??
V
9???????
- ??????,???????
- ????????
- ??
- ????
- ???????????????
- ???(100)??(ppm)
- ???mgg
- ?????lt1,????lt0.1?0.03
10??????
11??????
- ???????
- ??????
- TE (Kw/Hep-Hep)(1/C0 1/ CT )
- Kw?????10-14
- C0???????
- CT?????
- Hep????H
- C0? CT? gtTE?
- Hep?v Kw7.0 gt TE ?
12??????
- ???????
- ??????
- TE (Kw/Hep-Hep)(1/C0 1/ CT ) - Hep /Ka
- Kw?????10-14 HOH-
- Ka??????HA-/HA
- C0???????
- CT?????
- Hep????H
- ????, Hep /Ka gt (Kw/Hep-Hep)(1/C0 1/ CT
) - Ka ? gtTE?
- ????????
13??????
- ???????
- 0.1M NaOH ??0.1M HAc(Ka1.8x10-5)
- ?Hep10-9
- TE2.0x10-5-5.7x10-4-5.5x10-4
- ?Hep10-7
- TE0-5.7x10-3-5.7x10-3
- ?Hep10-8.72
- TE 1.05x10-4-1.05x10-4 0
- ?Hep10-10
- TE2x10-3-5.5x10-62x10-3
14??????
- ???????
- 0.1M NaOH ??0.1M HCN(Ka6.2x10-10)
- ?Hep10-10
- TE2.0x10-3-10-.79-0.162
- ?Hep10-11.11
- TE 0
- ?Hep10-12
- TE2x10-1-10-2.89.2
15- ??????????
- ?????????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????
16??????
17 ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??
???? ???? ?? ?? 0.02mL ??????
???? ???????? ?? ?? 0.0001 mL ?????????
18?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
?? ????????, ?????????,???? ????, ??????????,??? ???Nernst?????????????????????? ???????? (??) ??????????????(??),?????(??)??? ?Bambert Beer?? ???,???????????? ???????,??????
?? K2Cr2O4 ???????? ??????pH?? BaCl2 K2SO4 KF???????? ???????? ????
19?????????
?????????????
???? ?????? ??????
???? ???? ????? ???????????
???? ?? ???? ?????CPU ??? ???
????? ??,???,???,??????????,????? ??????????,??????????? ??,?????,?????
????? ???,???,?????,?? ?????????,???????????,?????????? ??,???,??,?????
20?????????
????????
1.?????
2.???????
3.?????
4.????
5.????????
21????
22???? HOH- gtH2O
- ????????
- ?????
- ?????????
- ?????
-
23??????
HClO4 HCl H2SO4 HNO3
ClO4- Cl - SO4 - - NO3 -
H3O
H2O
24??????
NaOH NaOC2H5 NaNH2
Na Na HOC2H5 Na HNH2
H2O
OH-
25??????
HClO4 HCl H2SO4 HNO3
ClO4- Cl - SO4 - - NO3 -
H2Ac
HAc
???
26?????
- BHAnnHClO4????gtBHnClO4n nHA
- HAHBr ,HCl ,H3PO4 ,H2SO4 ,???
- ??????HCl,????????,??HgAc2
- 2BHCl HgAc2????gt 2BHAc HgCl2?
- BHAc HClO4????gtBHClO4 HAc
27?????????
HClO4????gt
HClO4
???? ??(0.1g)??25mL??--???(51) HClO4
(0.1M) ??DET U ????? ??????DET MODE ?????
28??????
291 ?????
- ???????????,??????????????????????????
- H3O OH- 2H2O
- H3O A- HA H2O
- H3O BOH B 2H2O
302 ?????
- ???????????,??????????????????????????????????????
???????AgNO3?NH4SCN?,????? - Ag X- AgX?
- ??,
- X-??Cl-?Br-?I-?CN-?SCN-????
313 ?????
- ???????????,????????????????
- ???????????????????,??????EDTA,????
- M2 Y4- MY2-
- M3 Y4- MY-
324 ??????
- ???????????????,????????????????
- ?????????????????????????,????
- I2 2S2O32- 2I- S4O62-
- MnO4- 5Fe2 8H Mn2 5Fe3 4
H2O - Cr2O72- 6Fe2 14H 2Cr3 6Fe3
7H2O - NO2- NH2-R H NNRHH2O
33KF??
- I. CH3OH SO2 RN ? RNHSO3CH3
- II.
- H2O I2 RNHSO3CH3 2RN ? RNHSO4CH3
2RNHI - (RN ?)
34KF????
- H2O I2 RNHSO3CH3 2RN ? RNHSO4CH3
2RNHI - 2I--2e ? I2
- (RN ?)
35????
361?????
- ??????????????
- ???????????????????????
- NaOH ?? HCl
- KMnO4 ?? Fe2
372????
- ?????????????,??????,??????????????????,??????????
????????? - ??????????????,??????????????????,???????????
- ??????(ZnO????)
38????
- (1)???????? HCl ????????
- ZnO 2HCl ZnCl2 H2O
- (?????)
- (2)??? NaOH ????????????
- HCl NaOH NaCl H2O
- (??)
39????
- ?? CuSO4???Al3(????)
- ?Al3???????????EDTA????,???CuSO4?????????EDTA?
403?????
- ?????????????,??????,???????????????,?????????????
???????,????????????,?????????????? - ??Na2S2O3??????K2Cr2O7???????,??????????S2O32-???
S4O62-?SO4 2 ????,????????????????????K2Cr2O7????
????KI,?????????
41?????
- Cr2O7 2- 6I- 14H 2Cr3 3I2 7H2O
- ???I2??Na2S2O3???????
424 ????
- ??????????????????,?????????????????????,?????????
- ??,?KMnO4??????Ca2
- Ca2 C2O42- CaC2O4 ?( ?C2O42-??Ca2 )
- CaC2O4 H2SO4 CaSO4 H2C2O4
- (??????H2SO4??)
- 2MnO4- 5C2O42- 16H 2Mn2 10CO2?
8H2O(?KMnO4??????C2O42-)
43??????
- ????????????????????
- ??????????????????????????????
- ?????????????????????,???????????????????????
44?????
- ??????????
- ???????????????(?)??????????
- ?????
- UU0 RT/(zF)ln (aox/ared)
- UU0 RT/(zF)ln a
- pH-logaH
- R????
- T??(K)
- z?????
- F?????
- a??
45????????
U/mV
V/ml
46?????
- ????????????????
- ???????????????(?)??????????
- If (V)
- I ?????,uA
- V??????,ml
47????????
I/uA
V/ml
48?????????
- ????????????????????????
- Uf(V)
49?????????
U/mV
V/ml
50?????
- ???????????????k
-
- kC?(uizici)
- C????
- Ui ?????
- zi ?????
- ci ????
51?????
k/mS
V/ml
52?????
- ?????A????T??????????????
- Ac d e
- logT- c d e
- c??
- d????
- e????
53?????
V
V/ml
54 55DET????????????????????????,?????,??????????????
?
56MET?????,?????????,???????,???????
57SET????,????pH?????,????????,???????,????????????
????