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Matrix and Determinant

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Title: Matrix and Determinant


1
????? 2
  • Matrix and Determinant

2
???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????????
????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
??? ???????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????
3
???????????????? ????????????????????? m ???
????? n ??????? ?????????????????????????????
m-by-n ???? mn ????????????????????????? i
????????????? j ????????????? Ai,j ???? Ai,j
?????? aij , 1 i m ??? 1 j n
????????????????????????????????????????
??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
?????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????
????????????????????????? ?????????????? (Square
matrix)
4
???????????????? A ???????????????? 43.
???????????? 2 ?????????? 3 ???? A2,3 ????
a(2,3) ??? 7???????? R???????????????????
19 ?????????????????????????? 9 ???
5
????????????????(diagonal matrix)
????????????????????????????????????????????? ????
?????????????? 0 ????
6
????????????? (Scalar matrix)
????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????? ??? ???????????? 1
????????????????????????? (Identity matrix)
7
?????????????????? (Triangular matrix)
????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????0
Upper triangular matrix
Lower triangular matrix
8
?????????????????(Transpose matrix)
???????????????????????????????????????? ????
9
  • ???????????? Transpose matrix

1.
2.
3.
4.
10
????????????????
  • ???????????????????????? (????????????????????????
    ?????????
  • ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??

11
?????????????????????????
???????????? A ?????????????? B ??????????????????
????
12
??????????????
??????????????? A ?????????????????????? B
13
???????????????????????
14
?????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????????? det(A) ????
    ????????????????
  • ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
    ??????????
  • 1. ??????????? (?????????????????????????) ????

???????????? 2x2 (???????????????????????????????
???????????????????)
-

15
???????????? 3x3
-
-
-



???????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? cofactor ????????
16
  • ????? Determinant ??????????????????? Cofactor
  • Cofactor Aij ???????? Matrix A ???????????? i ???
    Column ??? j
  • ????????????????????????????????????????????
    (??????????????
  • ????) ?????? cofactor ?????????????????????

??????????? 1. ?????????? A12 ??? A23
17
????? A12 ????????????? 1 ??? Column ??? 2 ???
?????
??????????????? (-1)(12) ?????
18
??????????? 1. (???)
????? A23 ????????????? 2 ??? Column ??? 3 ???
?????
??????????????? (-1)(23) ?????
????????? Cofactor ?????????????????????????????
Column ??????????????? ??????????????????????????
????????????? Column ??????????????? 0 ???????
19
??????????? 2. ???? Determinant ??? Matrix
??????? 1 ???????????? Column ?????????????
????????????????? Column ??? 1
??????????????? 0 ??? 2 ??? ????????????????????
Column ??? 1 ???? ???????????????
Cofactor ??????? 2 ??????????????? Cofactor
?????????????????????????? Column
?????????????????
20
1. ??????????????????? Column ??? 1 ?? ????????
???????????????????
(??????????????????? 1 ???????? ????????
21
????? Cofactor ????????????????????????????
?????? a ij ???? 0
???
???????????????????
???????????? ??? ????????????
??????????????????
?????????????? 2 ??????????
(????????????????????????????????????????????????
0)
22
???????????? ??????????????
  • 1. ???????????????????????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????
  • 2. ????????????????? 2 ??? ???????????????????? 2
    ??????????????
  • ???????????????????????????????? 0
  • 3. det(At)det (A)
  • 4. ??? A ???? triangular matrix ?????????????????
    A11A22Ann
  • 5. det (AB)det(A)det(B)
  • 6. det(kA)det(kInA)kndet(A)
  • 7. det(A-1)1/det(A)

23
???????????? ??????????????
8. ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
??????? ?????????? k ????????????????????????
? k ???????? 9. ?????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????0
????????????????????????? 0 10.
????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
???????? ??????? k ?????????????????????????
??????????????????????? ????????????????????
???????????????
24
Elementary operation
????????????? Matrix ???????????????????????
??????????????????? Matrix ???????????? Normal
form ??????????????? Inverse matrix ??????????
A I ??????? I B Elementary operation
????????????????????????? ???????? Operation
???????????????????????????????
??????????????????????? Operation ?????????????
???????????????????????????????
25
?????? Elementary row operation ??????? Inverse
matrix (??????? Elementary column operation
??????? Inverse matrix)
??????????? 3. ???? Inverse matrix ??? Matrix
?????????????? Elementary
row operation
1. ??????????????????? Matrix
26
????? Matrix ??????????
??????????????????????? Elementary row operation
???? Matrix ???????
27
2. ???? Matrix A I ?????????????????? 2.1
????? a11 ???? 1 ?????????????????????????????????
???????????? 1 ???? a11 ???? ??????? 1
??? ??? 2 ?????????????????????? ??? 1 ???? 5
?????
2.2. ????? a21, a31, ??? a41 ???? 0 ?????? 2.2.1
??? 2 (??? 1)a21 ???????????????? 2 2.2.2 ???
3 (??? 1)a31 ???????????????? 3 2.2.3 ??? 4
(??? 1)a41 ???????????????? 4
28
(No Transcript)
29
2.3 ????? a22 ???? 1 ??????????????? 2 ???? a22
??????????? -1
30
2.4 ????? a12, a32, ??? a42 ???? 0 ?????? 2.4.1
??? 1 (??? 2)a12 ???????????????? 1 2.4.2 ???
3 (??? 2)a32 ???????????????? 3 2.4.3 ??? 4
(??? 2)a42 ???????????????? 4
31
2.5 ????? a33 ???? 1 ??????????????? 3 ???? a33
??????????? 8
32
2.6 ????? a13, a23, ??? a43 ???? 0 ?????? 2.6.1
??? 1 (??? 3)a13 ???????????????? 1 2.6.2 ???
2 (??? 3)a23 ???????????????? 2 2.6.3 ??? 4
(??? 3)a43 ???????????????? 4
33
2.7 ????? a44 ???? 1 ??????????????? 4 ???? a44
??????????? 10
34
2.8 ????? a14, a24, ??? a34 ???? 0 ?????? 2.8.1
??? 1 (??? 4)a14 ???????????????? 1 2.8.2 ???
2 (??? 4)a24 ???????????????? 2 2.8.3 ??? 3
(??? 4)a34 ???????????????? 3
35
????????????
?????????????
???????
???????
(??????????????????????????????????????????)
36
?????? Elementary operation ????????? Matrix
???????????? Normal form
???????????? Row operation ???? Column operation
????? ?????????????????????????? Matrix
????????????
????
????
??? 0 ??????? Zero matrix
37
???????????????????? Operation ?????
?????????????????? Inverse matrix ??????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????? 1
???????????? ???????????? 0 ???????????????
Operation ??????????
???????????????? Normal form ????????????????????
Rank ???????????
Rank ??? Matrix A ?????????? Matrix ??????? A
?????????????? Determinant ???????????? 0
?????????????? Rank ??????????????? Determinant
?????????? 0 ??????????????? ??? A ????????????
Normal form ??? A ???????? Normal form ????????
rank ??? matrix ?????????????? ???????????????????
?????????????
38
????????? Rank ??? Normal form ??????????? A
  • ???? A ???????????? Normal form ?????? Elementary
    row operation
  • ??? Elementary column operation
  • 2. ??????? Matrix I ????????? Normal form ??? A
    ?????? Rank ??? A
  • ????????? Normal form ??? A ???????? A ????
    Rank ???????????????

??????????? 4. ???? Rank ??? Matrix A ????????
39
?????? 1. ????????????????????????? Matrix
?????????????? ??????????????????
Matrix ???????????? Normal form
?????????????????????????
????
????
????
Rank3
Rank4
Rank2
Rank1
40
2. ?? Elementary row ???? column operation
??????????? Normal form (?????????????
Normal form ????????????? row ???? column
operation ????? ????????????????? inverse
matrix ??????????????????????
??????????????? Row operation ????????????????????
???)
2.1 ????? a11 ???? 1 ??? ??????? 1 ?????? 3
(???????? ??? 7 ????????)
?
???????????? rank ????????????????????????????????
????????????????
41
2.1.1 ?????? 1 ???? a11
2.2 ????? a21, a31, ??? a41 ???? 0 (a21, ??? a41
???? ????????)
42
2.3 ????? a22 ???? 1 ???????????? 2 ???? a22
2.4 ????? a12, a32, ??? a42 ???? 0
43
2.5 ????? a33 ???? 1 ???????????? 3 ???? a33
2.6 ????? a13, a23, ??? a43 ???? 0
44
???????? ?????????????????????????? 2.6
??????????????????? Upper triangular matrix ????
???? Determinant ??? Upper triangular matrix
???????????????????? ?????????????????
????????????????? Determinant ??? Upper
triangular matrix ?????????????????? 0 ???????
Rank ??? Upper triangular matrix ????????????? 4
???????????? matrix ??????????? A ??????? A
????? Rank ??????? 4 ????
2.7 ????? a44 ???? 1 ??????????????? 4 ???? a44
45
2.8 ????? a14, a24, ??? a34 ???? 0
?????????????? Normal form ??? A ???? I4 ???????
A ?? Rank ??????? 4 ???????? ??????????? Rank
?????????????????? Column ?????????? 0
??? matrix Normal form
46
??????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????? 3 ??????? 1
??? Inverse matrix ???????????????????????????????
?? (2-3 ?????) 2 ??? Cramers rule
????????????????????????????????? 3
????????????? Gauss-Elimination
??????????????????????????????????
??????????? 5. ???????????????????????????
Cramers rule
47
?????? 1. ?????????????????????? Matrix
????????????????
???????????????????????
???????????????????
48
2. ?? Determinant ??? A
??????????????????? ??? ??? x
3. ????? x ???
49
??????????????????? ??? ??? y
4. ????? y ???
??????????????????? ??? ??? z
5. ????? z ???
????????????? Crammer rule ???????????????????????
?????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????
??? (??????? 3)
50
??????????? 6 ????????????????????? ?????????????
Gauss-Elimination
?????? 1. ?????????????????????? Matrix
51
2. ????? Augmented matrix ????????????????????????
???????????????????????????
3. ?????????????????????? Matrix ????????????
52
4. ?? Elementary row operation ????????????Augment
ed matrix ???????? Matrix ????????(?????????
Row operation ???????? ??????? Column operation)
4.1 ????? a11 ???? 1 ???????????? 1 ???? a11
(?????????????????????? a11 ???? 1
????????)
4.2 ????? a21, a31, ??? a41 ???? 0 ???
53
4.3 ????? a22 ???? 1 ???????????? 2 ???? a22
4.4 ????? a32, a42 ???? 0 ??????
54
4.5 ????? a33 ???? 1 ???????????? 3 ???? a33
4.6 ?????a43 ???? 0 ??????
55
5. ????????????? Matrix ???????????????????????
(Back substitution)
5.1 ??????????? 4 ???????? w -1
5.2 ??????????? 3 ????????
z 0
5.3 ??????????? 2 ????????
y 4
5.4 ??????????? 1 ????????
x 3
x 3, y 4, z 0, w -1
??????????????????????
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