Endocrine Disorders

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Endocrine Disorders
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• GIGANTISM
• Hyperfunction of pituitary too much growth
• hormone
• In preadolescent overgrowth of long bones
• leads to excessive tallness

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These are pictures of the man known as The
Alton Giant, Robert Wadlow.
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• ACROMEGALY
• Hyperfunction of pituitary too much growth
• hormone in adulthood
• Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and
• feet
• Attacks cartilage so the chin protrudes, lips
• nose and extremities enlarge
• Rx drugs to inhibit growth hormone,
• radiation

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• Richard Kiel

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• DWARFISM
• Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
• Small size, but body proportions and intellect
• are normal
• Sexual immaturity
• Rx early diagnosis, injection of growth
• hormone

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Problems with the pituitary gland can result in
Dwarfism
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HYPERTHYROIDISM Overactive thyroid gland Too
much thyroxine secreted leading to enlargement of
gland People with this disease consume
large quantities of food but lose body fat and
weight Most pronounced symptoms are
enlargement of gland (GOITER) and bulging of
eyeballs (EXOPHTHALMOS) Rx total or partial
removal of thyroid gland, drugs to reduce
thyroxine, radiation
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Goiter
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Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)
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• HYPOTHYROIDISM
• Not enough thyroxine secreted
• May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter)
• Major cause of other types is inflammation of
• thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland
• to make thyroxine
• Symps dry and itchy skin, dry and brittle
• hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night

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HypothyroidismBefore and After Treatment
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Cretinism (hypothyroidism in infants)
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• TETANY
• In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium
• levels affect function of nerves
• Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of
• spasms in the respiratory muscles
• Rx Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone

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• CUSHINGS SYNDROME
• Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex
• May be caused by adrenal cortical tumor or
• prolonged use of prednisone
• Symps high blood pressure, muscle
• weakness, obesity, poor healing, tendency to
• bruise, hirsutism (excessive hair growth),
• menstrual disorders
• Rounded moon face and buffalo hump
• Rx surgical removal of tumor

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Adrenal Gland Disorders

• Cushings syndrome
• hypersecretion of cortisol
• Round moon face and buffalo hump

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• ADDISONS DISEASE
• Hypofunction of
• adrenal cortex
• Symps bronzing of skin, hypoglycemia,
• hypotension, etc.
• Rx replace deficient hormones

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• Addisons disease
• Hyposecretion of cortisol
• Low blood pressure results
• Increased pigmentation

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• Steroid Abuse in Sports
• Anabolic steroids (androgens) can help build
• bigger, stronger muscles
• Risks far outweigh temporary improvements
• males have liver changes, atrophy of testicles,
• breast enlargement, and cardiovascular
• disease
• Female risks include amenorrhea, abnormal
• placement of body hair, baldness, voice
• changes

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Diabetes Mellitus
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Pancreas

• The pancreas is a large gland behind your stomach
  that helps the body to maintain healthy blood
  sugar (glucose) levels.Contains islands of cells
  called the Islets of Langerhans which secrete
  glucagon and insulin

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• Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down
  glycogen, raises blood sugar concentration
• Insulin decreases blood sugar concentrations,
  affects the uptake of glucose by cells

Both hormones work together to maintain a
balance in the blood sugar
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Diabetes

• Diabetes Mellitus results from an insulin
  deficiency, blood sugar rises (hypoglycemia) and
  excess is excreted in the urine.
• Type I - insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or
  juvenile onset diabetes, often caused by
  inherited immune disorder that destroys
  pancreatic cells

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• Type II mature onset diabetes (usually after
  the age of 40), often individuals are overweight,
  can be controlled with diet and exercise

Blood sugar test, device pricks the finger and
measures the amount of sugar in the blood
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Injection of insulin will lower the blood sugar
levels
Hypoglycemia can occur if levels become too low,
can be cured with direct injection of glucose or
with eating something high in sugar. This is why
diabetics often have candy.