5/26 Focus:

1

• 5/26 Focus
• Enlightenment ideas inspired Great Britains 13
  colonies in North America to declare their
  independence in 1776 and the French people to
  revolt against the monarchy in France in 1789.
• Do Now
• What was an enlightened despot?

2
Absolutism, Enlightenment, Revolutions

• Test Review

3
Absolutism Review

• Where a king or ruler has absolute power
• Ruled using the Divine Right Theory (god said
  they can rule)
• Power is in the hands of ONE person (centralized)

4
Peter the Great
Russia
Louis XIV
France
Phillip II
Spain
Charles I
England
Catherine the Great
Russia
5
Limits placed on Absolute Monarchs in England
Magna Carta
Petition of Right
Habeas Corpus Act
English Bill of Rights
6
Decline of Kiev and rise of Moscow
Cyrillic Alphabet
Architecture Art
Influences on Early Russia
Byzantine
Mongols
Isolated Russia from W. Europe
Model for absolute rule of the czars
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Autocratic Government
Cut off Russia from Renaissance and technological
advances
Close Relationship between church and state
7

• The theory justifying a monarchs rule by Gods
  authority is called
• laissez faire
• predestination
• totalitarianism
• divine right

8

• Many European monarchs of the 1600s maintained
  that they should have absolute power to rule
  because they
• needed to defend their nations against threats
  from the Western Hemisphere
• thought that all people should have the right to
  a good ruler
• had been given their power to govern from God
• thought that communism was the superior political
  system

9

• The primary goal of most of Europes absolute
  monarchs was to
• support political freedom for the new middle
  classes
• centralize their political control over their
  nations
• prevent contact with areas beyond Europes
  borders
• maintain peaceful relations with nearby nations

10

• Which quotation was most likely made by an
  absolute monarch?
• The government that governs best, governs
  least.
• I am the state.
• The government must be based on a sound
  constitution.
• It is the parliament that must make the laws.

11

• Which person is credited with saying Létat,
  cest moi (I am the state)?
• Louis XIV
• Karl Marx
• John Locke
• Queen Isabella

12

• I. __________________
• A. Louis XIV
• B. Phillip II
• C. Henry VIII
• In the partial outline below, which heading
  belongs after Roman numeral I?
• Divine Right Monarchs
• Religious Reformers
• Supporters of Democracy
• Leaders of the Crusades

13

• 7. The primary purpose of the Magna Carta
• was to
• Limit the power of the king
• Install Oliver Cromwell as dictator
• Justify the Glorious Revolution
• Charter the East India Company

14

• 8. What happened in Russia as a result of
• actions taken by Peter the Great?
• Russia was weakened by French invasions
• Catholicism became the state religion
• The Duma was reformed and the serfs were freed.
• Russia borrowed Western ideas and expanded its
  territories

15
Magna Carta signed by King John Habeas Corpus
Act passed during the rule of Charles II
Bill of Rights agreed to by William and Mary

• 9. These events in English history were
• similar in that they all
• promoted religious freedom
• limited the power of the monarch
• provided universal suffrage
• supported divine right theory

16

• 10. The foreign policy of many Russian rulers
  supported the countrys desire for
• Access to inland cities
• More mineral resources
• Extensive canal systems
• Warm-water ports

17
Enlightenment

• Ideas opposed absolute rule
• except Thomas Hobbes
• Influenced by the
  use of reason and natural law

Scientific Revolution
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The Scientific Revolution

• Before the Scientific Revolution

• After the Scientific Revolution

• Religious teachings and traditional beliefs
  explained the universe and how the world worked

• Observation and experimentation used to explain
  natural world and solve problems
• Scientific Method
• Examination of natural laws governing the
  universe
• Ex. The Laws of Gravity

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Enlightenment
John Locke

• _______________________ Believed all people had
  natural rights of life, liberty and property
  govt protects peoples basic rights and if not
  can be overthrown influenced Thomas Jefferson
  and the writing of the Declaration of
  Independence
• _______________________ Separation of Powers and
  3 branches of government

Montesquieu
20
Enlightenment
Voltaire

• _______________________ Freedom of speech and
  press religious freedom and toleration
• ________________________ supported the statement
  that all men are created equal people make an
  agreement to follow the general will.

Rousseau
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Enlightened Despots

• Absolute rulers that used Enlightenment ideas to
  improve the lives of their people
• Examples
• _____________________ (Austrian ruler)
• _____________________ (Austrian ruler)
• ______________________ (Prussian ruler)
• _______________________ (Russian ruler)

Maria Theresa
Joseph II
Frederick the Great
Catherine the Great
22

• According to John Locke, the chief role of
  government was to
• Protect natural rights
• Fight territorial wars
• Ensure the wealth of citizens
• Redistribute land

23

• Which idea became a central belief of the
  Enlightenment?
• The use of reason would lead to human progress.
• Mathematics could be used to solve all human
  problems.
• The ancient Romans had the best form of
  government.
• People should give up their natural rights to
  their rulers.

24

• Lockes Two Treatises of Government, Rousseaus
  The Social Contract, and Montesquieus The Spirit
  of the Laws were works written during which time
  period?
• Middle Ages
• Renaissance
• Enlightenment
• Reformation

25

• Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed
  that society could best be improved by
• relying on faith and divine right
• borrowing ideas from ancient Greece and Rome
• applying reason and the laws of nature
• studying the practices of successful leaders
  ruling cities of 100,000 to 300,000 people

26

• The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu
  most influenced
• the growing power of priests in the Roman
  Catholic Church
• improvements in the working conditions of factory
  workers
• the rise of industrial capitalism
• movements for political reform

27

• The Enlightenment philosophers believed that the
  power of government is derived from
• divine right ruler
• the middle class
• a strong military
• those who are governed

28

• 7. Which step did Catherine the Great take that
  is consistent with Enlightenment ideas?
• ordering the burning of books
• Strengthening the institution of Serfdom
• Arresting people who criticized her rule
• Considering a law code that would treat all
  citizens equally

29

• . . . Men are born and remain free and equal in
  rights. Social distinctions may be founded only
  upon the general good. . . .
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
  Citizen, 1789
• 8. Which principle of the Enlightenment
  philosophers is expressed in this quotation from
  the French Revolution?
• natural law
• nationalism
• free trade
• socialism

30

• 9. Which period of history had the greatest
  influence on the Enlightenment ideas of natural
  law and the use of reason?
• Pax Romana
• Middle Ages
• Age of Exploration
• Scientific Revolution

31

• 10. Which statement represents a key idea
  directly associated with John Lockes Two
  Treatises of Government?
• Freedom of speech should be denied.
• The kings power on Earth comes from God.
•  All people are born with the right to life,
  liberty, and property.
• Individuals acting in their own self-interest
  will achieve economic success.

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• 5/28 Focus
• The Scientific Revolution inspired philosophers
  to apply reason to study of not only science but
  also human society.
• Do Now
• Take out test study guide.

33
Be prepared to be able to choose 2 questions from
the list of choices below and answer fully.   1)
Discuss Thomas Hobbes view of absolute monarchy
and the purpose of government as expressed in The
Leviathan. Contrast Hobbes view with John Lockes
view of natural rights and the purpose of
government.   2) Explain how the Scientific
Revolution influenced the development of the
Enlightenment.   3) Choose one Enlightenment
philosopher and discuss that persons view of
government.   4) Identify and explain two
specific examples of how the Parliament in
England attempted to limit the power of the
monarch.   5) Identify and explain two effects
of the Enlightenment.