Why Europe needed to expand?

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Why Europe needed to expand?

• Decline of manor (lord-vassal feudal
  relationship) (Post-Crusades),
• Rise of nationalism (absolute monarchs) led to
  merchants becoming important (to finance Kings
  government),
• More food production possible (technology
  improves)
• horse collar and shoes, use of oxen,
• 3 field rotation, (new legume crops leads to
  population increase)
• More people available to migrate
• emancipation of serfs,
• enclosure laws
• Internal commerce and urban trade centers
• Results in money economy instead of barter (food,
  jobs, rent)Rising middle class

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In Europe by 15th Century

• Money had replaced land as source of wealth, but
  noble birth was still most important for social
  status, regardless of wealth
• Gold, silver, gems used to support money economy
• BULLIONISM
• Need to get more land to grow more foodwill
  trade slaves, grain crops, lumber, furs with
  other areas to get spices, perfumes,
  crucible-formed metals, cotton silk textiles,
  drugs

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Political dissent

• Many nobles lost their fortunes in the
  Crusades(1100 1200) the new middle-class
  townspeople did not owe loyalty to a feudal lord.
• Kings gave towns charters and collected taxes.
  England, France, and Spain began creating
  nation-states with strong central governments and
  homogeneous populations.
• King John of England was forced to sign the Magna
  Carta (1215), a document that established several
  principles of government
• No taxation without representation
• The right to trial by a jury of ones peers
• These rights were gradually extended to ordinary
  people
• Kings establish dominance divine right of kings
  
• If you dont agree, then you need to flee!

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Religious dissent

• Most kings allied with Catholic Church
• 16th Century - Protestant Reformation is a threat
  to Church
• Martin Luther (1517 95 Theses)
• John Calvin (the elect, predestination)
• King Henry VIII
• Catholic Church increases demand to proselytize
  (requerimiento)spread the faith!

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Technological Innovations (Crusadescultural
diffusionRenaissanceinquiry Scientific
Revolution)

• 1. Triangular lateen sail
• 2. Sternpost rudder
• 3. Shallow draft
• 4. Large, wide cargo hold
• 5. Compass (direction)
• 6. Astrolabe (latitude)
• 7. Knowledge of wind, sea currents

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Set up a school in Lisbon, Portugal and naval
  observatory to encourage exploration
• Developed caravel ship sponsored many
  expeditions.
• Hoped to find a sea route to India to allow
  Portugal and other countries to trade directly
  with the East instead of going through Italian
  merchants (to obtain sugar, etc.)

• Marco Polo
• Polo went to China and stayed for 17 years and
  worked for Kublai Khan.
• On the return trip, he went through Southeast
  Asia and India.
• Marco took note of the people, places, and
  customs.
• His book about his travels influenced later
  explorers

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3 GsGOLD, GOD, GLORY!

• PORTUGAL
• 1488 Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope
• 1498 Vasco DaGama reaches India
• SPAIN
• 1492 Columbus convinces Queen Isabella to try
  westward routereaches Carribean
• Who will control newly discovered lands?
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) - Pope Alexander VI
  divides all pagan lands between Spain and
  Portugal
• LINE OF DEMARCATION

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1494 Treaty of Tordesilla Who was left out? Why?
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The Columbian Exchange

• Interaction between Europeans and Native
  Americansand eventually Africansled to
  exchanges
• plants
• animals
• languages
• Technology
• deadly germs, brought epidemics to the Americas

• Native American crops
• Corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, chocolate, peanuts

• European products
• Certain foods
• Domestic animals, including horses
• New technology, including guns
• Smallpox and measles

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Exchange

• These diseases, especially smallpox and measles,
  traveled along native trade routes from the
  Caribbean to the Gulf Coast, up the Mississippi,
  and into the Plains and the eastern woodlands.
• Estimates of population decline following contact
  with the Europeans range from 70 to 90 percent
  and what happened has been called a "demographic
  catastrophe." According to the historian David
  Stannard, the decimation of new world peoples was
  a "holocaust. (Va.Tech.Study)
• From the Spanish perspective epidemics were a
  mixed blessing. They reduced resistance to
  colonization, but they also destroyed the work
  force the colonizers needed to exploit their new
  possessions SLAVE TRADE

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African Society and the Slave Trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade Begins

• Atlantic slave trade began in the sixteenth
  century as a response for the demand for cheap
  labor.
• Planters demanded more laborers for their
  plantations.

• African merchants helped supply slaves to traders
  in exchange for the traders business. African
  rulers supplied slaves in exchange for European
  firearms.
• Others who supplied slaves wanted to help weaken
  rival African leaders.

• Europeans captured people during conflicts with
  North African Muslims.
• European traders conducted slave raids and
  kidnappings.
• The Portuguese began the slave trade, but by the
  1600s the English, French, and Dutch were heavily
  involved, too.

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Each person had a space 5 long X 18 wide X 3
high.
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Clash of Cultures
Land ownership Religion Social Political
Europe
Monotheistic Polytheistic Polytheistic -
Animism Monotheistic -
Islam
Paternal Matrilineal Matrilineal
Nationalism Absolutism Rule by elders -
Communal Rule by elders - Communal
Private ownership Based on improving land,
concept of rent No one can own
nature Communal ownership within village or
clan
Native American
African