ONCE MORE ABOUT ANOMALIES PHYSICS Vladimir A. Pinchuk

1

ONCE MORE ABOUT ANOMALIES PHYSICS Vladimir
A. Pinchuk
Baltic State Technical University
Saint-Petersburg, Russia
vap_at_vp7550.spb.edu
2
SOME REFERENCES

• Pintchuk V.A. The nature and energy sources of
  the Ball Lightning// Proceedings of 24th
  International Electric Propulsion Conference,
  IEPC-95-233, Moscow, Russia, September 19-23,
  1995. P. 1-11.
• Pinchuk V.A. Physical basis of cold fusion and
  prospects of its application as engine power//
  Proceedings of the 3rd International conference
  on new energy systems conversions, Kazan.
  Russia. 1997. September 8-13. P. 189-192.
• Pinchuk V.A. The phenomenon of Ball Lightning
  and Cold Nuclear Synthesis// Proceedings of the
  2nd International Symposium on energy,
  environment economic, Vol. 2, Kazan, Russia,
  1998. P. 199-213.
• Pinchuk V.A. The phenomenon of Ball Lightning
  and Cold Synthesis. News of Institutes of Higher
  Education (Power problems). 1999. ? 3-4. P.
  49-64 (only in Russian).
• Pinchuk V.A. Reality and the nature of cold
  nuclear synthesis are justified by the ball
  lightning existence// Proceedings of the 4th
  International conference on new energy systems
  conversions, Osaka. Japan. Osaka Univ., 1999.
  P. 361-368.
• Pinchuk V.A The nature of cold nuclear synthesis
  and problems of ensuring its application
  prospects in space technology// All-Russian
  electro-technical congress with international
  participation On centuries boundary results and
  trends (WELC-99). Theses. Vol. 3. Moscow.
  Russia. 1999. P. 730-732.
• V.A. Pinchuk. The common techniques features and
  prospects of cold nuclear synthesis assimilation
  to needs of power engineering// Proceedings of
  the 5th International conference on new energy
  systems conversions. Shanghai. P.R. China.
  2001. P. 369-374.
• Pinchuk V.A. The cold nuclear synthesis as
  energy source the physical nature and practical
  assimilation ways // The International
  Conference Space challenge in 21st century
  Russia, Moscow-Kaluga. September 15-19, 2003
  Extended abstracts Moscow. Russia. 2003. P.
  98-99 (only in Russian)

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Common state of nuclear synthesis problem

• As for now, no practical using methods of nuclear
  synthesis energy exist. Traditionally untwisted
  ways of searching for methods to solve this
  problem are oriented as a whole onto elaboration
  of technologies for production and following
  keeping (over time period enough for reaction
  completion) of material formations with
  temperatures T108-109 K, that are both the most
  favourable for different plasma instabilities
  evolution and so difficult for realization. The
  pessimism in assessments of real possibilities to
  solve the nuclear synthesis problem by this way,
  being sensed at the last time, is best to
  characterize
• the ones common prospects.

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Cold nuclear synthesis problem

• The experimental realizations of cold nuclear
  synthesis are known. The ones are characterized
  however by too low (under practical power
  viewpoint) densities of given out energy. As it
  takes place, a possibility to increase CNS
  power-output up to now has not been elucidated
  yet, first of all because of both the principal
  troubles to interpret the nature of CNS and to
  specify necessary conditions to realize the one
  (the satisfactory interpretation of CNS
  observations within the generally accepted
  physical concepts is presented impossible).
• The problem of CNS nature substantiation is so
  especially significant.

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The Attack Method

• Assessing prospects for views formulation of CNS
  nature first of all the attention was paid to the
  presence in the reaction zone of uncompensated
  electric charge (excess).
• The hypothesis has been proposed that the
  observed CNS realizations could be substantiated
  .
• . by existing of traditionally not accounted
  (earlier unknown) peculiarity of internal energy
  equilibrium conditions - IEEC (between energy
  states of different nature) that manifests itself
  in medium formations with uncompensated electric
  charge and are responsible for CNS realization in
  that number1
• 1 Lets point out that within of the
  traditional (and predominant up to present) views
  the inner energy equilibrium conditions dont
  depend on whether uncompensated electric charge
  is kept or is not kept in the medium composition.

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THE FIRST STEPS

• The trustworthiness of the being formulated
  hypothesis was being estimated without respect to
  mechanism of AQN-formations origin (as being of
  ones own scientific interest). The consideration
  was being done within the framework of
  thermodynamic method. When it was done the medium
  was considered as thermodynamically opened system
  with variable number of particles and
  corresponding to three-liquid plasma model.
• The ionization degree
• and relative content of the uncompensated
  electronic component
• were used as the state parameters.

7
It was exposed so that the internal ionizing
equilibrium conditions of AQN-formation are
determined by the equation

that, with neglect of a negligibly small
components, can be brought to anyone from


8
Here V ionization potential O -
the potential of the space, the value of which
can be estimate as the minimum work done by the
external influence on charge injection into the
AQN-formations volume

• General character of internal the energy
  equilibrium conditions (IEEC)
• In an analogous way the general character of the
  internal energy equilibrium conditions are
  revealed
• For the reaction of type ABltgtAB

activation energy of the association reaction
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COMMON IEEC PECULIARITIES

• The relationships correspond to the content of
  operating masses law and really display early
  unknown peculiarities, manifesting essentially by
  added term
• in the exponent index

10
COMMON IEEC PECULIARITIES..

• In context of the revealed IEEC it turns out
  that among other things the such a parameter as
  traditionally evaluated temperature T being
  applied to localized formations with
  uncompensated charge (aquasi-neutral or AQN
  formations) directly determines the equilibrium
  populations only of mechanical energy states.

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COMMON IEEC PECULIARITIES..

• If within the limits of traditional approaches
• and with regard to IEEC - the
  excitation temperature of chemical bonds and
  electron energy states of level of
  AQN-medium, then its relationship with -
  the excitation temperature of mechanical
  (translational, oscillatory and rotational)
  energy states (below referred as translational)
  is determined by

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COMMON IEEC PECULIARITIES.

• In other words, as it was supposed according IEEC
  the injection of excess charge into the medium
  really causes deformation of the energy state
  population distribution function to the form
• when
• ( ) if
  .
• Or even
• under .

13
Significant remark

• An AQN-foundation is thermodynamically opened
  system that is characterized first of all with
  being essentially disturbed ones equilibrium.

14
That is .the revealed IEEC

• must be considered first of all no as postulate
  directly giving proof of AQN-foundation
  characteristics
• but, rather, only as the restrictions complex
  that substantiates both a common character and
  exciting necessity of relaxation in AQN-medium
  (right away since origin moment) towards
  equilibrium taking into account of surplus
  electric charge presence in the ones
  composition.

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IEEC as Basis to substantiated CNS

• As applied to the target directionality of the
  work, the revealed peculiarities (regularities)
  of equilibrium conditions are so primarily
  interest as the restrictions complex onto both
  the compound and the specificity of relaxation
  processes of AQN-formations being formed by
  external actions.

16

• The revealed peculiarities (regularities), in
  this connection, are evidence above all for the
  existence of traditionally not be taken into
  account earlier (unknown) channel of control over
  material media states wherein electric charge
  plays the role of controlling actions factor upon
  the medium (charge-up control channel).
• We should particularly concentrate our
  attention on the fact that approaching of
  AQN-systems towards the internal energy
  equilibrium conditions according to IEEC is
  realizing
• in up to down direction.

17
Importance of the noted becomes more apparent
when it is taken into account,

• that the realization probability of one or
  another reaction type (including the CNS reaction
  itself) in every particular moment of time at the
  stage of the system relaxation to the new
  quasi-stationary state (due to the changes of
  internal equilibrium conditions caused by the
  injection of excess electric charge by external
  factors) may be estimated according to the
  equation
• i.e. as the difference between the excitation
  temperature of the corresponding to the
  relaxation reaction energy level and the
  translational temperature related to the
  excitation temperature itself.

18
In other words, if the AQN-formations is
realized in the medium with low temperatures then
initial levels of necessary
stretch over negative region and then, in the
course of relaxation, undergo discontinuity of
the type ( ).
If electronic shell and nuclear in totality to
consider as united, being energetically balanced
system, that the last can be interpreted as an
indirect indication onto development possibility
under the relaxation an instability of the
AQN-mediums atom-molecular structure the
CNS-realization conditions in that number.
19
It is important to note that control actions
onto medium by the charge factor in common are
realized under conditions of charge
instabilities, being excited, for example, by
acoustic or electrical influences upon medium.

• Call attention to the fact that in these
  conditions not only positive but and negative
  activation energy correction factors (
  ) are being formed.
• Under this conditions the population of electron
  energy states corresponding to standard
  distribution becomes re-exciting one.
• Being sprang up so misbalance over the
  populations distribution must be suppressed by
  energy (electrons) flow from out shell of medium.
  The one substantiates the phenomenon of k - or
  e - capture (corresponding to arising of neutrons
  and within framework of the common dynamic circle
  AQN-systems formation).
• So it is substantiated at the present that
  phenomenon of k- or e-capture is needed step of
  conditions forming for cold nuclear synthesis
  realization1).
• 1) S. V. Tsivinski. About principally new
  possibility to realize nuclear synthesis of
  deuterium, tritium and helium from hydrogen
  atoms. Vestnik of Russian Academia of Natural
  Sciences. Physics. N3. 2002. P. 43-45. (only in
  Russian).

20
So..

• The revealed conditions of internal energy
  equilibrium substantiate an existence of
  traditionally not accounted (earlier unknown)
  control channel over material media states
• (charge-up control channel)
• where the electric charge plays a role of
  controlling influences factor.
• Of the one, which testifies to real prospects of
  searching for ways of
• CNS assimilation 1.
• However common peculiarities of the channel using
  (and as applied to assimilation CNS problem in
  that number) up to now is not cleared yet.
• 1 The marked bears essentially witness to the
  possibilities of charge-up channel using for
  exiting of wide reactions spectrum with high
  levels of potential activation barrier (the
  nuclear synthesis reactions in that number) in
  media with differences of both compound and phase
  state.

21
Introduce clarity into conditions of charge-up
control channel using..

• To give a more precise definition about needed
  conditions for effective using of charge-up
  control channel, the plasmas quasi-equilibrium
  parameters (in both quasi- and aquai-neutral
  states, all others things being equal) were being
  estimated.
• The estimation was being done as applied to
  conditions in channel of Halls MGD Generator

22
The results were being analyzed under assumption
that

• Hall MGDG SCHEME
• the high performance of charge-up channel using
  can be principally ensured only in the
  temperatures range where, depending on there is
  or there isnt uncompensated charge in the media
  composition, differences between estimations of
  medias quasi-equilibrium ionization
  characteristics are revealed.

23
It is determined in this connection

• that significant differences of quasi-equilibrium
  ionization parameters of AQN formations relative
  to its analogues but of quasi-neutral medium are
  principally revealed only in field of relative
  low temperatures.

24
In other words

• the possibilities to use the charge-up channel
  for efficient controlling over material media
  states are realized only inside the range of
  relatively low temperatures.
• Being revealed so limitations carry a principal
  character and, in the framework of the developed
  views, can be considered as one of the
  significant peculiarities of ways searching of
  cold nuclear assimilation as a whole.

25
In addition the real perspectives to make more
exact, on basis of the revealed regularity, the
views of some different key, but up to now not
solved yet, physics problems were being
estimated.

• The Ball Lightning
• Some aspects of Burning theory
• Energy feeding mechanism Substantiation of high
  frequency instability (HFI) in chambers of heat
  engines
• were being examined
• in that number

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As for


Ball Lightning,

• In common
• BLs sphericity
• Radiation capacity
• Energy feeding source
• BLs accumulation channels and resources of
  energy
• Multi-facing problem
• are substantiated
• in this fashion

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The needed numerical estimations

• to substantiate
• BLs sphericity
• had been received

28
BLs radiation capacitywas confirmed
29
It was substantiated so that the environment
is BLs energy feeding source
30
Accumulation channels and resources of BLs
energy are revealed so
31
It was substantiated that BLs energy resources
is worthwhile to carry out each among components

• radiation flow
• energy, accumulated by BL as capasitor
• - the energy, accumulated by the BL-medium due to
  the distribution function deformation of chemical
  bonds and electron energy states populatons.

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Energy feding mechanisms

• Convection heat exchange
• Mass exchange mechanism.
• Multi- facing problem
• It would be prudent to wait that the
  quasi-stationary characteristics of BL will be
  different depending of whether one or other from
  the constituents is predominant in energy
  transfer mechanism from environment to the BL

33
Bls energy resours multi-facing
Convection heat exchange
Mass exchange mechanism
34
In the framework of burning mechanism

• It is substantiated that account of revealed
  inner energy equilibrium conditions opens really
  new possibilities for ideas deepening about both
  exothermic reactions excitation mechanism on
  burning and ensuring conditions of burning
  process steadiness as a whole.

35
High frequency instability (HFI) in chambers of
heat engine up to now has not received needed
comprehension yet (energy feeding mechanism
especially)

• Attention was drawn to he fact that HFI is
  accompanied with progress of instabilities in
  charge distribution over volume displaying first
  of all by forming in burning product medium of
  macroscopic formations with surplus electric
  charge
• Pinchuk V.A. Low-Temperature Plasma to
  External Acoustic Distturbances Journal of
  Engineering Physics Thermodynamics (JEPTER). Vol.
  67. N. 1-2. 1994. P. 781-784

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It is felt that relaxation in connection with
natural reduction of reactions activation
barrier will be accompanied by intensification in
the AQN-formations medium of wide spectrum of
endothermic reactions and, first of all, of
dissociation reactions (for example H2OltgtHOH
and/or CO2 ltgtcoO)Natural increase of local
levels of both molar concentrations and mediums
pressure will ensure, in that case, steady
forming of positive reverse connection being
directed onto intensification of initial
inner-chamber instabilities.
   
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Energy feeding Scheme of inner chambers HFI
     
High Frequence Instability
Charge Instabilities
Relaxation Processes
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CONCLUSION

• Traditionally not accounted regularity (IEEC)
  establishing dependence of inner energy
  equilibrium conditions (between energy states
  with different physical nature) on presence or
  absence in media composition of surplus electric
  charge has been confirmed
• The role of IEEC as a physics basis of anomalies
  row of natural and/or artificial origin has been
  substantiated
• The fundamental character of IEEC and expediency
  to take into account the one when solving of wide
  row of sciences and applied problems has been
  displayed