Unit 1: Body Organization and Homeostasis

1
Unit 1 Body Organization and Homeostasis
Tamalpais High School Honors Physiology
2
Hippocrates

• Greek physician born in 460 BC
• Hippocratic Oath
• Today Hippocrates is known as the "Father of
  Medicine"

3
What exactly will we study in physiology?

• Anatomy vs.
• Physiology
• STRUCTURE vs. FUNCTION

4
Human Body Orientation

• Body directional planes
• Body cavities
• Body regions
• Why?

5
Body Directional Planes

• Sagittal
• Midsagittal
• Frontal (aka Coronal)
• Transverse

Fig 1.21
6
Body Cavities
Fig. 1.9
7
Body Regions
Fig. 1.24
8
Human Body Orientation

• Anatomical position
• Superior vs. Inferior
• Medial vs. Lateral
• Distal vs. Proximal
• Deep vs. Superficial
• Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral

Fig. 1.20
9
Human Body Orientation

• Anterior vs. Posterior
• Ventral vs. Dorsal

10
Homeostasis
Fig 1.7

• The bodys ability to maintain a stable internal
  environment
• examples human body temperature, water balance,
  salt/ion balance, oxygen/CO2 balance, blood pH,
  etc

11
A Homeostatic Mechanism
Fig 1.6
12
Example mechanism
13
Gross vs. Fine Anatomy

• Gross anatomy

• Fine anatomy
• involves cells and tissues
• Histology study of tissues

14
Levels of Organization
Fig. 1.3
15
Histology Pathology

• Histology
• The study of tissues that compose the body

• Pathology
• the study of disease

16
Tissues

• Cells organize into tissues
• Tissue Cells extracellular matrix (EM)
• Nonliving
• Made by the cells

Fig. 5.24
17
4 Main Tissue Types

• 1. Epithelial tissue
• Protective covering
• One free side
• Other side basement membrane
• Tightly packed, little EM
• Classified according to shape and of layer of
  cells

Fig. 5.6
18
4 Main Tissue Types
Fig. 5.4

• Epithelial cell of layers
• Simple one layer
• Stratified two or more layers
• Epithelial cell shape
• Squamous - flat
• Cuboidal cube
• Columnar tall, elongated

• What would simple cuboidal epithelial
• tissue look like?

19
4 Main Tissue Types

• 2. Connective Tissue
• Lots of EM
• Binds structures, provides support and
  protection, fills spaces, stores fat, produces
  blood cells, and protects against infections

Figs 5.21 5.24
20
4 Main Tissue Types

• Types of Connective Tissue
• Loose CT under most layers of epithelium
• Adipose stores fat
• Dense CT very strong but stretchy tendons
  ligaments
• Bone
• Blood
• Cartilage
• Hyaline
• Elastic
• Fibrocartilage

Figs 5.26 5.27
21
4 Main Tissue Types

• 3. Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle

Figs 5.28, 29, and 30
22
4 Main Tissue Types

• 4. Nervous tissue
• Communication
• Example cells include neurons (nerve cells)

Fig. 5.31
23
Major Chemical Elements in the Body

• 65 Oxygen (O2)
• 18.5 Carbon (C )
• 9.5 Hydrogen (H)
• 3.2 Nitrogen (N)
• Total O,C,H, N approx 96 of the body by
  weight

• Organic substances contain both C H
• The rest are inorganic substances
• electrolytes inorganic substances that dissolve
  in water

24
Electrolytes

• Electrolyte any substance containing free ions
  that make the substance electrically conductive
• Examples Na, Cl-, Ca2, K,
• Why are they important?

25
Trace Elements

• A trace element
• needed in very small ( i.e. trace) amounts
• crucial to human survival
• Examples
• iron (Fe) - part of hemoglobin molecule
• zinc (Zn) in several enzymes
• copper (Cu) bone and melanin development
• iodine (I ) synthesis of thyroid hormones

26
Iodized salt!
27
Human Body Systems

• 1. Circulatory (cardiovascular)
• 2. Immune
• 3. Nervous Senses
• 4. Digestive
• 5. Muscular
• 6. Skeletal
• 7. Integumentary
• 8. Endocrine
• 9. Respiratory
• 10. Excretory
• 11. Reproductive