Title: Platform Design
1Platform Design
ASIP Application Specific Instruction-set
Processor
- TU/e 5kk70
- Henk Corporaal Bart Mesman
2Application domain specific processors (ADSP or
ASIP)
DSP
Programmable CPU
Programmable DSP
Application domain specific
Application specific processor
flexibility
efficiency
3Application domain specific processors (ADSP or
ASIP)
- takes a well defined application domain as a
starting point - exploits characteristics of the domain
(computation kernels) - still programmable within the domain
- e.g. MPEG2 coding uses 88 DCT transform, DECT,
GSM etc ...
performance clock speed ILP ILP,DLP,
tuning to domain flexible dev. (new
apps.) cost effective (high volume)
problems
- specification
manual design, - design time and
effort large effort
gt synthesized cores
4www.adelantetech.com
5Design process
processor- model
application(s)
e.g. VLIW with shared RFs
instance
parameters
3 phases 1. exploration 2. hw design (layout)
processing 3. design appl. sw
HW design
SW (code generation)
Estimations nsec/cycle, area, power/instr
Estimations cycles/alg occupation
Fast, accurate and early feedback
no
yes
yes
no
go to phase 2
6Problem statement
A compiler is retargetable if it can generate
code for a new processor architecture
specified in a machine description file.
A guarded register transfer pattern (GRTP) is a
register transfer pattern (RTP) together with the
control bits of the instruction word that
control the RTP.
a b c instr xxxx0101 GRTPs contain all
inter-RT-conflict information.
Instruction set extraction (ISE) is the process
of generating all possible GRTPs for a specific
processor.
7Problem statement
Algorithm spec
Processor spec (instance)
in ch 4 this is part of the code generator
FE
ISE
CDFG
GRTP
Code Generation
Machinecode
8Example Simple processor Leupers
I.(125)
Inp
RAM
I.(4)
I.(2013)
1
PC
I.(32)
IM
I.(10)
I.(200)
REG
outp
9Example Simple processor Leupers
10ASIP/VLIW architectures
ART designer template as an example ( set of
rules, a model)
- Differences with VLIW processors of ch. 4
- 1. // FUs
- ASUs complex appl. Spec. FUs (beyond subword
//) - e.g. biquad, median, DCT etc
- larger grainsize, more heterogeneous, more
pipelines - 2. Rfiles
- many Rfiles (gt5 vs 1 or 2)
- limited ports (3 vs 15)
- limited size (lt16 vs. 128)
- 3. Issue slots
- all in parallel vs. 5
11RF5
RF7
RF1
RF3
RF6
RF8
RF2
RF4
FU3
FU4
FU1
FU2
flags
IR1
IR2
IR3
IR4
Instruction memory
Con- trol
12ASIP/VLIW architectures
- Additional characteristics of the ART designer
template - interconnect network busses input
multiplexers - mux control is part of the instruction
- control can change every clock cycle
- network can be incomplete
- busses can be merged
- memories are modeled as FUs
- separate data in and data out
- 2 inputs (data in and address) and 1 output
- Each FU can generate one or more flags
- instruction format (per issue slot)
13ASIP/VLIW architectures example
RF1
RF2
RF3
RF4
ALU
MAC
bus1
bus2
14ASIP/VLIW architectures example
15assign ( ab, ALU, fu_alu1) assign ( a_, ALU,
fu_alu2) assign ( __, ALU, fu_alu3)
ASIP/VLIW architectures design flow
Algorithm spec
Datapath synthesis
RF1 x RF2 y, RF3 z ALU ADD Inmux
bus2
Change pragmas
RTs
Controller synthesis
Estimations area, power, timing
no
VLIW makes relatively simple code
selection possible
yes
16ASIP/VLIW architectures list scheduling
Candidate
Conflict
Scheduled
IPB
LIST
Priority Comp.
Operation
4
OPB
MULT
ALU
IPB
OPB
5
17ASIP/VLIW architectures feedback
18Low power aspects
area
speed
power
Mistral2
Estimation Database
Architecture
19GSM viterbi decoder default solution
EXU ACTIV AREA POWER alu_1 96 3469 46196 romctrl_
1 48 39 259 acu_1 26 327 1209 ipb_1 5 131 105 o
pb_1 23 1804 5801 ctrl 9821 135035 total 15591
188605
13750
- controller responsible for 70 of power
consumption - maximum resource-sharing
- heavy decision-making main loop with 16
metrics-computations per iteration - EXU-numbers include Registers for local storage
20GSM viterbi decoder no loop-folding
EXU ACTIV AREA POWER alu_1 92 3411 45073 romctrl_
1 45 39 255 acu_1 25 294 1087 ipb_1 5 107 86 op
b_1 22 1661 5340 ctrl 4919 70087 total 10431 12
1928
14247
- area down by 33
- power down by 35
- next step reduce of program-steps with second
ALU
21GSM viterbi decoder 2 ALUs
EXU ACTIV AREA POWER alu_1 69 1797 12248 alu_2 65
1393 8916 romctrl_1 67 39 255 acu_1 37 294 108
7 ipb_1 8 149 119 opb_1 33 2136 6871 ctrl 8957
87235 total 14766 116731
9739
- cycle count down 30
- area up 42
- power down by 5
- next step introduce ASU to reduce ALU-load
22GSM viterbi decoder 1 x ACS-ASU
func ACS ( M1, M2, d ) MS, MS8 begin
MS if ( M1d gt M2-d ) -gt ( M1d) (
M2-d) fi MS8 if ( M1- d gt M2d) -gt
( M1- d) ( M2d) fi end
EXU ACTIV AREA POWER alu_1 20 261 105 acs_asu_1
83 2382 3816 or_asu_1 10 611 122 romctrl_1 1
6 65 21 acu_1 36 294 205 ipb_1 20 107 43 opb_
1 11 163 35 ctrl 1864 3597 total 5747 7944
1930
- cycle count down 5X
- power down 20X !
23GSM viterbi decoder 4 x ACS-ASU
EXU ACTIV AREA POWER alu_1 94 243 97 acs_asu_1
95 1041 420 acs_asu_2 95 1041 420 acs_asu_3 95
1041 420 acs_asu_4 95 1041 420 split_asu_1 47 90
18 or_asu_1 47 592 118 romctrl_1 28 48 6 acu_
1 98 212 85 ipb_1 23 60 6 opb_1 50 369 80 ct
rl 1306 555 total 7084 2645
425
- cycle count down another 5X
- area up 23
- power down another 3X !
24GSM viterbi example summary
Mistral2
72x !
25Discussion phase 3
processor- model
application(s)
application(s)
HW design
SW (code generation)
SW (code generation)
Freeze processor model
no
no
no
yes
yes
no
yes
Application software development constraint
driven compilation
Exploration phase
26Discussion problems with VLIWs
code size and instruction bandwidth
- code compaction reduce code size after
scheduling - possible compaction ratio ?
- e.g. p0 0.9 and p1 0.1
- information content (entropy) -? pi log2
pi 0.47 - maximum compression factor ? 2
- control parallelism during scheduling switch
between - different processor models (10 of code 90
runtime) - architecture
- reduce number of control bits for operand
addresses - e.g. 128 reg (TM) -gt 28 bits/issue slot for
addresses only - gt use stacks and fifos
27RF1
RF2
RF3
RF4
FU3
FU4
FU1
FU2
flags
IR1
IR2
IR3
IR4
Instruction memory
Con- trol
28Conclusions
- ASIPs provide efficient solutions for
well-defined application domains (2 orders of
magnitude higher efficiency). - The methodology is interesting for IP creation.
- The key problem is retargetable compilation.
- A (distributed) VLIW model is a good compromise
between HW and SW. - Although an automatic process can generate a
default solution, the process usually is
interactive and iterative for efficiency reasons.
The key is fast and accurate feedback.