Lecture 5 Verb and verb phrase

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Lecture 5 Verb and verb phrase

• Classification of verbs
• 2. A survey of tense, aspect, voice and mood
• 3. Tense and aspect

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Verbs

• What is a Verb?
• A verb is a part of speech that expresses
  existence, action, or occurrence.
• There is a book on the table.
• He is studying Japanese now.
• Father bought me a new cap.
• This is the most important part of a sentence. A
  sentence can have only one word as long as that
  word is a verb.

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Classification of verbs

• Main verb (notional verb, the head and indicating
  the basic meaning of a verb phrase) and auxiliary
  (to help main verbs )
• transitive
  verb
• main verb intransitive verb
• verb linking verb
• primary
  auxiliary
• auxiliary modal auxiliary
• semi-auxiliary

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Classification of main verb

• Transitive verbs vs. intransitive verbs vs.
  linking verbs (copula)
• The fish is fresh. You dont have to smell
  it.
• The milk is going bad. It smells.This dish
  smells delicious.

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Classification of auxiliary

• Primary Auxiliaries be, do, have
• We are learning English. (help to form the
  progressive aspect or the passive voice )
• She didnt come back last night. (help to form
  negative and interrogative sentences )
• I have finished my homework. (help to form the
  perfective or the perfective progressive aspect.)
• Modal Auxiliaries13

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• 2. Dynamic verbs vs. stative (non-progressive)
  verbs
• Dynamic verbs are verbs that refer to
  actions.
• Stative verbs are verbs that refer to states,
  including main verb be and have, verbs meaning
  being and having, verbs referring to a sense
  perception, verbs referring to a feeling, a state
  of mind or an opinion.
• The workers are building a new railroad.
• This rule applies to everyone.
• She doesnt hear very well.
• She became angry at the words.
• I think you are crazy. Be quiet, Im
  thinking.
• P.165, 10A

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• 3. Finite verbs vs. non-finite verbs
• 4. Regular verbs vs. irregular verbs
• 5. Single-word verbs vs. phrasal verbs

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Phrasal verbs

• A phrasal verb is a verb that is composed of two
  or more words. Some can be used as transitive
  verbs, while some intransitive.

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• Three categories
• 1. Verb preposition (transitive)
• We must look into the matter immediately.
• He couldnt account for his long absence from
  school.
• more apply for, break into, come across,
  insist on, consist of, do without, complain of,
  look after, adjust to, allow for, ask for, call
  on, long for, listen to, care for, resort to,
  speak of, etc.

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• Compare
• She answered my question.
• She will answer for his safety.
• She attended the meeting.
• She attended on the wounded.
• She called me.
• She called on me.
• She called to me.
• I know her.
• I know of her.

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• 2. Verb adverb particle
• A particle, in grammar, is a function word
  ,but does not fit into the main parts of speech
  (i.e. noun, verb, adverb). Particles do not
  change. It is mostly used for words that help to
  encode grammatical categories (such as negation,
  mood or case).The infinitive 'to' in 'to fly' is
  an example of a particle, although it can also
  act as a preposition.
• I'm going to Spain next week.

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• Adverbial particle up, down, on, off, in, out,
  over, away
• A fire broke out during the night.The meeting
  has been called off.
• Compare
• The lights went out.
• He put on his coat and went out.
• The wind blew up the valley.
• He blew up the bridge.
• More back up, call off, give up, hand in, hand
  out, pick up, take in, turn on, turn off, set up,
  show off, turn up etc.

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• 3. Verb adverb particle preposition
• Please keep out of her affairs.
• Will this enthusiasm carry over to the next
  week?I dont want to come down with the flu
  again.I will have to fill in for Wally until he
  gets back.
• More catch up with, go in for, look up to, run
  out of, live up to, look out for, etc.

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• 4. verb noun preposition and verb noun
• She soon realized that she was being made fun
  of.She indulged in luxury and made a made a mess
  of her life.
• More get rid of, put an end to, keep pace with,
  make a fool of, keep an eye on, give rise to,
  etc.

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• Attention
• Phrasal verbs are verbal idioms, different form
  simple verbal combinations.

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• 2011
• 77. Everyone is surprised that she has fallen out
  with her boy friend. The underlined part means
  _____.
• A. left B. quarreled
• C. attacked D. defeated

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• 2010.
• 67. During the summer vacation, kids are often
  seen hanging _____ in the streets.
• A. about B. on C. over D. out
• 78. He listened hard but still couldn't ____
  what they were talking about.
• A. make over B. make up
• C. make upon D. make out

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• 2009 70. The football match was _____ because of
  the heavy rain.
• A. called over B. called up
• C. called out D. called off
• 77. The drink was packaged in champagne bottles
  and was being _____ as the real stuff.
• A. passed out B. passed by
• C. passed over D. passed off

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• 2008 69. The company has capitalized ________ the
  error of judgment made by its business
  competitor.
• A. in B. over C. with D. on
• 75. At first Jim was not quite clear what he was
  going to do after university, but now he seems
  ________ on becoming a computer programmer.
• A. fit B. set C. Disposed D. decided
• P.172, 10B 10C

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A survey of tense, aspect

• 1. Tense
• Tense is a grammatical form associated with verbs
  that tells of the distinctions of time. It shows
  the relationship between the form of the verb and
  the time of the action or state it describes.

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Differences between tenses and time

• Time is a concept universally existent with three
  divisions past time, present time and future
  time. and tense may be a grammatical device or
  vocabulary device specific to a language.
• English verbs have two tense the present
  tense and the past tense.

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• 2. Aspect
• Aspect is a grammatical term indicating whether
  an action or state at a given time is viewed as
  complete or incomplete.
• English verbs have two aspects
• the progressive aspect and the perfective aspect.

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• A combination of the two tense and the two
  aspects makes it possible for a finite verb
  phrase to take the following eight forms (with
  the main verb play as an example)
• EENSE-ASPECT
• Simple Present plays
  Simple Past played
  Present Progressive is playing
  Past Progressive was playing
  Present Perfective has played
  Past Perfective had played
  Present Perfective Progressive has been playing
  Past Perfective Progressive had been
  playing