Title: Satellite Aerosol Detection in the NPOESS Era
1Satellite Aerosol Detection in the NPOESS Era
- Leslie O. BelsmaThe Aerospace Corporation
- Leslie.belsma_at_aero.org
- 310-336-3040
2Agenda
- Background
- Satellite Sensors
- Current
- National Polar-orbiting Operational Environment
Satellite System (NPOESS) - Data Assimilation
- Conclusions
3Background - Need for Detection and Prediction
- Air quality
- Visual air quality
- Health effect
- Visibility
- Military operations
- Civilian and defense aviation
- Climatic impact global warming
4Surface Networks
- Visibility, PM, and aerosol properties have
traditionally been measured from ground based
networks such as - SLAMS - State and Local Air Monitoring Stations
- NAMS - National Ambient Monitoring Stations
- SPMS - Special Purpose Monitoring Stations
- PAMS - Photochemical Assessment Monitoring
Stations - IMPROVE - Interagency Monitoring of Protected
Visual Environment - NASA AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) passive
aerosol measurements using sun photometers - Sparsity of ground-based measurements limits
their utility in understanding climate impact,
the transport of aerosols, or ambient detection
for operational applications
5Needs for Satellite Aerosol Detection
- Space-based Aerosol Detection is a valuable tool
to augment ground measurements - Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of aerosols
- Provides coverage in data sparse and rural
regions where it might be the only source of data
- Large spatial domains allows tracking aerosol
transport
6Space Based Data
- A variety of aerosol properties can be retrieved
from satellites - Aerosol Optical Thickness AOT Aerosol Index
- Angstrom Coefficient
- Single Scatter Albedo
- Size Distribution Information
- Aerosol Type
- Aerosol Shape
- Relative Vertical Distribution
- Aerosol Layer Height
- Backscatter Extinction CrossSection
- Data can be used qualitatively
- Imagery and visualizations to provide a regional
view of aerosol transport - Data can be used Quantitatively
- Initialize and validate weather, climate, and air
quality models
7Qualitative Wildfire Smoke
- Wildfire Smoke plumes evident in both DMSP OLS
(Left) and EOS MODIS (Right)
8Qualitative Dust storm
Air Force Special Operations Command feedback
(Operation Iraqi Freedom) Approximately 20
instances where dust and sand storms were
identified in the DMSP imagery with the lack of
ground obs, DMSP became more important than ever
Ref Lanicci, Polar Max 2004 Conference, Los
Angeles,
9Satellite Sensors Categories
- Visible IR solar backscatter sensors
- Ozone sensors that detect solar UV absorption and
backscatter - Polarimeters
- Active Lidar
10Visible IR backscatter retrievals
- Backscattered solar radiation over dark surfaces
mainly varies with aerosol type and concentration - Aerosols backscatter solar radiation in
proportion to Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and
aerosol single scatter phase function - To retrieve AOT, phase function must be known
- Phase function depends on aerosol size
distribution and composition - Aerosol models used with satellite radiances to
retrieve AOT - Simplified over ocean because of low and constant
albedo - More difficult over land complex and variable
albedo
11Visible IR backscatter sensors - AVHRR
- NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
(AVHRR) - Polar orbiting
- Operational single-channel algorithm for Aerosol
AOT retrieval over oceans from radiances in
channel 1 (0.63 µm) - Aerosol records spanning over two decades
- NESDIS generates global daytime cloud-free AOT
over oceans - Daily, Weekly, Monthly 1 deg maps
http//www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/EPS/Aerosol/Aerosol.
html
12Visible IR backscatter sensors- GOES
- GOES Imager
- Geostationary orbit more frequent data
- Collaborating with EPA, NOAA/NESDIS recently
implemented operational aerosol retrievals over
land - Use GOES visible channel to produce AOT
- 30 minute intervals with a 4km spatial resolution
- Daytime cloud-free conditions
http//www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/GASP/gasp.html
13Visible IR backscatter sensors -MODIS
- Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) - 36 well-calibrated bands with spatial resolution
ranging from 250-1000m - Daytime cloud-free detection of aerosols with
high accuracy - Aerosol retrieval uses seven well-calibrated
channels from VIS to SWIR - Global coverage over ocean and nearly global over
land at 10km res
- Near Real Time access through new EPA-NASA-NOAA
Collaboration (IDEA-Infusing satellite Data into
Environmental Applications)
http//idea.ssec.wisc.edu/index.php
14Vis - IR backscatter sensors SeaWiFS, MISR
- NASAs Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor
(SeaWiFS) - Primary mission ocean color bio-optical
properties - AOT at 865nm over oceans is a by-product of
atmospheric correction - Routinely produced for the past seven years
- Daily, Weekly, Seasonal at 9km resolution
- Terra Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer
(MISR) - Measures solar reflectance in four spectral bands
(red, blue, green, and near infrared) - Nine widely spaced viewing angles simultaneously
- Allows distinguishing different types of aerosols
and land surface covers - AOT over water and dark surfaces composition
products mapped to a 17.6km grid - Beta products AOT over other surfaces, Ang Exp,
Single Scatter Albedo, size, shape, and
fractional amounts
15UV Absorption/Backscatter Sensors
- Multispectral bands in near UV detect
UV-absorbing tropospheric aerosols over both land
and ocean - UV aerosol retrieval is fundamentally different
from VIS/SWIR - Strong Rayleigh scattering signature
- Reduced, less variable surface reflectivity
- Enables detection of aerosols over more land
surfaces - Capability to separate aerosol absorption from
scattering allows identification of aerosol types - Less spatial resolution
16UV Absorption/Backscatter Sensors - TOMS
- Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)
- First instrument to allow observation of aerosols
as they cross the land/sea boundary - 50 km footprint
- Aerosol Index product that is related to optical
depth, is routinely generated - Earthprobe TOMS Aerosol Index is in terms of
the differences between measurements at 331 and
360 nm
17UV Absorption/Backscatter Sensors
- Other ozone monitors
- GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) flying
on the European Space Agency (ESA) Environmental
Research Satellite (ERS2) - SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption
spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) flying
on the ESA ENVISAT launched Oct. 01 - OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument flying on the
NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura mission) - HIRDLS (High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder),
another NASA Aura mission
18Aerosol Retrieval Coverage
- MODIS provides aerosol data with high accuracy
and spatial resolution over most of the globe,
but challenges in retrieving AOT over highly
reflective land surfaces results in regional
coverage that must be filled by other means.
19Aerosol Polarimetry
- Observations of solar reflectance with polarizing
filters at multiple angles and wavelengths - Correction for ground reflectance (polarization
insensitive to wavelength) - Enables derivation of several aerosol properties
- NASA Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP)
- Airborne sensor successfully demonstrated the
capability - Paving the way for a new generation of
space-based aerosol sensors
20Aerosol Polarimetry
- POLDER (POlarization and Directionality of the
Earths Reflectances) - Launched Japanese Advanced Earth Observing
Satellite (ADEOS I II) missions, both of which
suffered premature deaths. - Planned as the main payload on future French
space agency microsatellite PARASOL to complement
NASAs Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP)
program
21LIDAR Sensors
- Multi-wavelength Lidar uses the
wavelength-dependent absorption of atmosphere
constituents to measure their range-resolved
concentration - Provides information on the vertical distribution
of the aerosols - Retrieval of aerosol information both night and
day - Demonstrated through measurements campaigns with
NOAA Ozone Airborne Lidar - NOAL(formerly
UV-DIAL) - Measures vertical profiles of ozone and aerosols
from near the surface to the upper troposphere
along the flight track
22LIDAR Sensors
- GLAS (NASA Geoscience Laser Altimeter System)
- Launched in Jan 2003 aboard ICESat
- Retrieves ice, cloud, and aerosol properties both
day and night - 1064 and 532 nm channels provide atmospheric
backscatter profiles - 1064 nm provides height and vertical distribution
of dense aerosols (and clouds) - 532 nm provides vertical distribution of
optically thin aerosols - 75 m vertical and 175 m horizontal resolution
- Products include Aerosol Layer Height,
Backscatter crossSection, Extinction Coefficient,
AOT - Reliability of two of three GLAS lasers was much
less than planned and NASA is currently operating
the system on an intermittent schedule
23GLAS Layer Heights Data Product Example
24Aerosol Product Summary
- Sensor Satellite Retrieved Grid Near Ocean Land Da
y Night Comments Parameter Size RealTime - OLS DMSP N/A Imagery only
- AVHRR POES AOT 1 Deg No Yes Rsch Yes Daily,
Weekly/Monthly - VISSR GOES AOT 4 km Yes Yes Yes Yes
- AOT Yes Some Yes AOT is for DarkMODIS Aqua
ASD 10 km Yes No Yes Vegetation Rsch
Alg Terra Type No Yes Yes for other Land
Types Additional Aerosol Product
s from ASDC - SEAWifs SEAWifs AOT 9 km Yes No Yes AngC
- TOMS Earthprobe Aindex 50 km Yes Yes Yes No
- AOT 13x24km Launch Jul 2004
OMI Aura SSA Yes Yes Yes Products not
SO2 available yet - AOT No Yes Some Yes Rsch over
homogeneous Sfcs - MISR Terra AngE SSA 17.6 km Beta Beta Beta AP
S ASD - PBLA Layer HT 7/28 kmGLAS ICESat BSctrCS Y
es Yes Yes Yes Quicklook AExtC Vertical Ava
ilable AOT 76.8 m
AOT Aerosol Optical Thickness AIndex Aerosol
Indes AngC/E Angstron Coefficient or
Exponent ASP Aerosol Size Parameter Type
Aerosol Type
ASD Aerosol Size Distribution SSA Singel
Scatter Albedo RelVD Relative Vertical
Distribution PBLAlayrerHT Planetary Boundary
andAerosol Layer Heights
BsctrCS Backscatter Cross Section AextC
Aerosol Extinction Cross Section
25NPOESS
- National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental
Satellite System - 5.6B NPOESS system marks a new era
- Converges operational DoD and NOAA environmental
satellites with new NASA technologies - Three orbital planes provide frequent
data-refresh - 56 Data Products 21 Enhancement Products
- Rapid-downlink delivers products in 28 minutes
- First launch in 2009
26NPOESS - CONOPS
2. Downlink Raw Data
3. Transport Data to Centrals for Processing
1. Sense Phenomena
Global fiber network connects 15 receptors to
Centrals
4. Process Raw data into EDRs and Deliver to
Centrals
5. Monitor and Control Satellites and Ground
Elements
Full Processing Capability at each Central
NESDIS, AFWA, FNMOC, NAVO
27NPOESS Aerosol Capabilities
- 3 of 11 NPOESS sensors will provide data related
to aerosols - VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite)
- MODIS-like fire, smoke, and aerosol products
- APS (Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor)
- Dedicated to aerosol detection
- OMPS (Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite)
- Aerosol Index Interim Product
- APS and OMPS will fly in only one of the NPOESS
orbit planes, while VIIRS will fly on all three - VIIRS, and OMPS first fly in 2006 on NPOESS
Preparatory Project (NPP) risk reduction mission
28 NPOESS- VIIRS Visible/Infrared Imager
Radiometer Suite
- Merges attributes of the current operational DMSP
OLS and POES AVHRR sensors with state of the art
spectro-radiomometer capabilities of the NASA
MODIS sensor
- 0.4 km imaging and 0.8 km radiometer resolution
- 22 spectral bands covering 0.4 to 12.5 mm
- Automatic dual VNIR and triple DNB gains
- Spectrally and radiometrically calibrated
- EDR-dependent swath widths of 1700, 2000, 3000 km
- Will deliver enhanced MODIS-like aerosol products
- AOT
- Size parameter
- Suspended Matter (Type)
- Product resolution at 1.6km over ocean, 9.6km
over land
29NPOESS-VIIRS
- VIIRS includes a Day-Night Band (DNB) for visible
band cloud imagery with a quarter moon
illumination - Naval Research Laboratory investigating use of
VIIRS DNB measurements of scattered moonlight to
retrieve AOT at night over oceans (Shettle, 2004) - Nighttime AOT would improve temporal coverage
- Better capture transient aerosol phenomena
- Provide information on day/night differences of
aerosols - Aid in understanding the impact of aerosols on
thermal cooling at night with land/sea breezes in
coastal regions
30NPOESS- APS Aerosol Polarimeter Sensor
- Sensor dedicated to measuring global distribution
of aerosols - Polarization (all states)
- Multiangular (175 angles)
- Multispectral (nine spectral bands from 0.4 to
2.25 mm) - Measurements of spectral and angular polarization
signature of solar backscatter allow unambiguous
retrieval of aerosol amount and size - Most benefit to retrieval of fine particulate
data - Wide spectral range needed to understand size
distributions and determine fraction of aerosols
absorbing vs reflecting - 488 nm measures chlorophyll over-water to
separate surface and atmospheric signals - 910 nm band will measure water vapor
- 1378 nm will detect cirrus clouds
- Remaining bands used to fully characterize the
aerosols
31NPOESS-APS
- APS pixel size 5 km to limit sensitivity to cloud
cover - APS aerosol products
- Optical thickness
- Particle size distribution
- Refractive index
- Single-scatter albedo and shape
- APS will allow accurate calibration to improve
VIIRS aerosol retrievals
32NPOESS-OMPS Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite
- Includes both nadir and limb viewing systems
- Total column ozone
- High vertical resolution ozone profiles
- Aerosol correction is an interim processing step
in the ozone retrieval - Aerosol index, AI, defined in terms of the
difference between the 336 and 377 nm channels,
is an Interim Product - OMPS sulfate detection can be used in conjunction
with VIIRS data for Suspended Matter product
33NPOESS Aerosol Related Sensors and Data Products
- Sensor Satellite Processed Latency Ocean Land Day
Night Comments Products HCS HCS - NPOESS AOT 28 min 9.6km RschVIIRS 3
orbit ASP 28 min 1.6 km planes SM 28 min 1.6 km - AOT 28 min APS footprint isAPS NPOESS ASP 2
8 min 5 km 5 km Yes No 5 km, APS/VIIRS 1
orbit SM 28 min TBD product can be ARI, SSA,
Sh 90 min finer resolution - OMPS NPOESS SO2 28 min 50 km 50 km 1
orbit Aindex 28 min
No
AOT Aerosol Optical Thickness ASP Aerosol
Size Parameter SM Suspended Matter
ARI Aerosol Refractive Index SSA
Single-Scattering Albedo SH Shape
34Data Fusion
- Satellite data fusion techniques that exploit
data from multiple future missions, both domestic
and international, will further enhance improved
retrievals by reducing backscatter radiance
solution space (Labonnote, 2004) - NASA planning formation flying among EOS
afternoon constellation of science missions
satellites - Aqua
- CALIPSO
- Cloudsat
- Aura
- PARASOL (French micro-satellite containing
POLDER) - NPOESS continues the Initial Joint Polar
Satellite System (IJPS) NOAA and ESA data sharing
data sharing agreement - ESA operational METOP will include AVHRR and GOME
(enhanced follow-on versions) during the NPOESS
era
35Application of Satellite AOT to PM
- Research is underway to relate satellite derived
aerosol optical depth to ground-based Particulate
Matter (PM) measurements - Comparison between the surface PM2.5 monitors and
MODIS AOT(Kittaka, 2004)
- IDEA -Infusing satellite Data into Environmental
Applications - Joint NASA/EPA project
- Prototype system in place
- Demonstrates use of MODIS AOT to determine
transport of fine aerosols within the lower
troposphere
http//idea.ssec.wisc.edu/
36Application of Satellite AOT to PM
- Study comparing hourly PM2.5 values from a
ground-based monitor in Houston with MODIS AOT -
found good statistical correlation (Wang, 2004) - Study underway in Europe to demonstrate that
SeaWiFS and MERIS aerosol products can be
converted into PM10 and PM2.5 (Ramon, 2003)
37Data Assimilation
- Integration of satellite and ground measurements
with numerical models is required to fully
characterize large spatial and temporal
variations of aerosols - Space based aerosol retrievals are column
quantities - Data assimilation into numerical models provides
a 3D grid of aerosol distribution - Analysis and forecast
- Aerosol transport
- Fine particulate contribution to air pollution
38Data Assimilation
- Study to assimilate MODIS AOT into GOCART model
(Yu, 2003) - Produced AOT over land in better agreement with
ground based AERONET measurements than either the
MODIS retrievals or the GOCART simulations alone - Study to assimilate GOES AOT into the CSU RAMS
for optimal characterization of the spatial and
temporal aerosol distribution (Wang, 2004) - Results indicated that aerosol radiative effects
are significant in the simulation of aerosol
transport and weather prediction
39Conclusion
- Space-based measurements are an increasingly
valuable tool in the detection, tracking and
understanding of aerosols by providing
observations over large spatial domains and where
ground based measurements are sparse or missing. - Numerous satellite missions flying today can
retrieve aerosol parameters that can be related
to PM concentrations for air quality
applications. - Increasingly sophisticated multi-spectral,
multi-angle, polarization, and active sensing
methods will be employed on future missions. - The NPOESS program will merge the remote sensing
technologies of todays science and operational
environmental satellite programs to provide
significantly improved data quality, frequent
data refresh, and rapid ground processing to
deliver products within operational timelines. - Three of the 11 NPOESS sensors will provide
aerosol data - It is essential that air quality agencies plan
now to procure the capability to acquire,
display, and assimilate these valuable sources of
data into modeling processes to improve
particulate matter forecasting into the NPOESS
era.
40References
- Shettle E., NPOESS Integrated Program Office
(IPO), Internal Government Study (IGS) Science
Team Presentations, Silver Spring, MD, February
24-26 and March 2-4, 2004 - Labonnote, L., Kreidenweis, S., Stephens, G.,
Multi-Sensor Retrieval of Aerosol Properties.
Colorado State/CIRA Annual Review 04 Poster,
Accessed via CIRA Website Jul 2004 - Kittaka, C. j. Szykman, B. Pierce, J Al-Saadi, D.
Neil, A.Chu, L Remer, E. Prins, J.Holdskom, 2004
Utilizing MODIS Satellite Observations to Monitor
and Analyze Fine Particulate Matter, PM2.5,
Transport Event, Proceedings of the 84th AMS
Annual Meeting, Washington State Convention and
Trade Center, Seattle WA 11-15 Jan 2004 - Wang, J, U.S Nair, S. A Christopher., GOES-8
Aerosol Optical Thickness Assimilation in a
Mesoscale Model Online Integration of Aerosol
Radiative Effects, JGR, Revised Submission
August 5, 2004 - Ramon, D., R. Santer, J. Vidot, Determination of
fine particulate matter from MERIS and SeaWiFS
aerosol data, Proceedings of the ESA Envisat
MERIS Users Workshop 10-14 Nov 03 - Yu, H., R. E Dickinson, M. Chin, Y. J Kaufman, B.
N. Holben, I.V. Geogdzhayev, M. I Mishchenko,
Annual cycle of global distributions of aerosol
optical depth from integration of MODIS
retrievals and GOCART model simulations JOURNAL
OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. D3, 4128,
14 February 2003