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Title: Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals


1
Chapter 23 Ideologies and Upheavals
I shall name this land.. Lower Moreland
  • Day 37-38
  • Age of Isms
  • McKay 761-770, Palmer 11.53

2
The Age of Isms
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818
  • -Reform Bill of 1832
  • Factory Act 1833
  • Poor Law of 1834

Mines Act
Congress of Vienna
Ten Hours Act (1847)
Congress of Verona, 1822
Corn Laws Repealed
Congress of Troppau (1820)
Socialism
Romanticism
Marxism
Nationalism
1815 1820 1825 1830 1838 1842 1846 1848
(Springtime of Peoples)
Decembrist revolt
-March Days (Austria) -Frankfurt Assembly
Chartists Movement
Burschenschaft formed Carlsbad Decrees issued
(1817)
Peterloo Massacre (1819)
July Revolution
February Revolution (France)
3
Introduction
  • After the end of the Enlightenment, the fall of
    Napoleon and the onset of the Industrial
    Revolution, Europe saw the emergence of various,
    competing ideologies
  • Conservatism (1792)
  • Liberalism (1819)
  • Romanticism (1820)
  • Socialism (1832)
  • Nationalism (1812)
  • Marxism (communism) (1840s)


Repressive Conserv. Gov.
1848
Isms Train
4
Congress (Metternich) System
  • Congress of Vienna
  • Great powers (Austria, GB, Russia, Prussia)(later
    France) agreed to work in Concert to stop
    growing Isms from spreading
  • Known as Metternich System
  • Chief diplomatic paradigm from (1815-1848)
  • Very Conservative
  • Feared liberalism, nationalism, republicanism
  • Feared nationalism the most
  • a war of all against all
  • Goals
  • Contain France
  • Restore legitimate monarchs
  • Maintain balance of power
  • Maintain peace
  • Stop Isms from spreading

5
Conservatism
  • Basic Tenets
  • A reaction against liberalism (Enlightenment)
  • Alternative to the violence and terror of French
    Revolution
  • Supporter of restoration of legitimate monarchs
  • Ideology of the nobility, the Church, peasants
    some Romantics
  • Loved order, stability, tradition, and religion
  • Hated notion of a Revolution (change)
  • Society is organic
  • Reject idea of social contract
  • History and God were sole sources of legitimate
    power
  • Rejected idea of natural rights
  • Every people is different
  • Believed in hierarchical society
  • Some were born to rule
  • Hero
  • Edmund Burke- Reflections of the Revolution in
    France
  • ism of the governments of Europe from 1815-1848

6
Reflections of the Revolution in France
  • "I cannot ... give praise or blame to anything
    which relates to human actions, and human
    concerns, on a simple view of the object, as it
    stands stripped of every relation, in all the
    nakedness and solitude of metaphysical
    abstraction. Circumstances ... are what render
    every civil and political scheme beneficial or
    noxious to mankind. Abstractedly speaking,
    government, as well as liberty, is good yet
    could I, in common sense, ten years ago, have
    felicitated (congratulated) France on her
    enjoyment of a government (for she then had a
    government) without inquiring what the nature of
    that government was? ... Can I now congratulate
    the same nation upon its freedom? Is it because
    liberty in the abstract may be classed amongst
    the blessings of mankind, that I am seriously to
    felicitate a madman, who has escaped from the
    protecting restraint and wholesome darkness of
    his cell, on his restoration to the enjoyment of
    light and liberty? ... I should, therefore,
    suspend my congratulations on the new liberty of
    France until I was informed how it had been
    combined with government, with public force, with
    the discipline and obedience of armies, with the
    collection of an effective and well-distributed
    revenue, with morality and religion, with the
    solidity of property, with peace and order, with
    civil and social manners. All these (in their
    way) are good things, too, and without them
    liberty is not a benefit whilst it lasts, and is
    not likely to continue long.

7
Classic Liberalism
  • Adam Smith followers
  • Believers in Classic Liberalism
  • Proponents of laissez-faire economics
  • Anti-mercantilism
  • Free hand of the market and free trade (Smith)
  • in free market regulation comes from natural laws
    (law of supply and demand, diminishing returns)
  • no tariffs
  • all people should follow their own enlightened
    self interests which will generate general
    welfare of all
  • Gov.'s job is to preserve security of life and
    property
  • Sometimes referred to as Manchester School (of
    thought)
  • Thomas R. Malthus
  • Essay on the Principle of Population
  • Population always tends to grow faster than food
    supply
  • Without positive checks of disease, war, etc.
    marriage should be delayed
  • David Ricardo
  • Iron law of wages
  • when workers earn more than subsistence wage they
    breed more children who eat up the excess and
    reduce working class to subsistence

Thomas R. Malthus
If they'd rather die, then they had better do it
and decrease the surplus population. Good night,
gentlemen. Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol
8
Classic Liberalism
  • Rooted in Enlightenment
  • Believed that the individual is a self-sufficient
    being
  • The ism of the middle class (bourgeoisie),
    factory owner, some Romantics
  • Favored written constitution
  • Distrusted Gov.
  • Reject republicanism (universal male suffrage)
  • Love Lockean notions of the right of rebellion,
    and natural rights
  • Favored Smithian Laissez-faire economics (against
    restraints in trade)
  • Supported Lockes notion of Tabula Rasa
  • Favored balance of power, free trade, education,
    free press, religious toleration
  • Heroes Locke, Smith, Philosophes, Ricardo,
    Malthus

9
  • Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures
    (1835).I have visited many factories, both in
    Manchester and the surrounding districts, during
    a period of several months and I never saw a
    single instance of corporal punishment inflicted
    on a child. The children seemed to be always
    cheerful and alert, taking pleasure in using
    their muscles. The work of these lively elves
    seemed to resemble a sport. Conscious of their
    skill, they were delighted to show it off to any
    stranger. At the end of the day's work they
    showed no sign of being exhausted.

What isms is Ure?
10
David Ricardo The Iron Law of Wages, 1817
  • As population increases, these necessaries will
    be constantly rising in price, because more
    labour will be necessary to produce them. If,
    then, the money wages of labour should fall,
    whilst every commodity on which the wages of
    labour were expended rose, the labourer would be
    doubly affected, and would be soon totally
    deprived of subsistence. Instead, therefore, of
    the money wages of labour falling, they would
    rise but they would not rise sufficiently to
    enable the labourer to purchase as many comforts
    and necessaries as he did before the rise in the
    price of those commodities....

11
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book IV,
Chapter IX
  • According to the system of natural liberty, the
    sovereign has only three duties to attend to ...
    first, the duty of protecting the society from
    the violence and invasion of other independent
    societies secondly, the duty of protecting, so
    far as possible, every member of the society from
    the injustice or oppression of every other member
    of it, or the duty of establishing an exact
    administration of justice, and thirdly, the duty
    of erecting and maintaining certain public works
    and certain public institutions, which it can
    never be for the interest of any individual, or
    small number of individuals, to erect and
    maintain...

12
Romanticism
  • Rooted in Plato, Rousseau and Kant
  • Plato-innate ideas
  • Rousseau- Emiles praise of childhood, and
    nature, Noble Savage
  • Kant- rejected Lockes notion of tabula rasa in
    favor of categorical imperative
  • Innate subjective sense of what is good and
    beautiful, moral
  • A reaction against the Enlightenment,
    rationalism, classicalism, liberalism
    Industrial Rev.
  • Favored imagination spontaneity over classical
    rules (art literature)
  • Sturm Drang (Storm and Stress or Drive)
  • Feeling emotion over reason
  • Mucho amour for the medieval times nature
  • Rejected notion of progress universal laws
  • said each historical period people were unique,
    organic, and different
  • At the forefront in fighting slavery, industrial
    evils
  • Often the ism of writers, musicians, dramatists,
    nationalists

Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, John
Constable
Neuschwanstein Castle
13
Wanderer Looking over a Sea of Fog (1815)
  • Caspar David Friedrich 1774 1840) century
    German Romantic painter

Click for Beethovens Symphony 9
14
Romanticism
  • William Blake (1757-1827)
  • English poet, painter, and printmaker
  • Romantics emphasized feeling emotion over
    reason
  • And did those feet in ancient time (1804)
  • Poem based on Book of Revelation of Jesus second
    coming to establish a New Jerusalem (heaven)
  • dark satanic mills refers to the Industrial
    Revolutions destruction of Nature
  • Says we must use our mental tools and make the
    best of this world

Blake's "Newton
And did the Countenance DivineShine forth upon
our clouded hills?And was Jerusalem builded
hereAmong these dark Satanic mills? Bring me my
bow of burning gold!Bring me my arrows of
desire! Bring me my spear! O clouds unfold!Bring
me my Chariot of Fire! I will not cease from
mental fightNor shall my sword sleep in my
handTill we have built JerusalemIn England's
green and pleasant land.
15
British House of Parliament (Neo-gothic)
1840-1860
Click for Romantic Documentary
16
Lord Byron, speech about the Frame Breaking Act
(1812) which made frame breaking a capital
offence
  • During the short time I recently passed in
    Nottingham, not twelve hours elapsed without some
    fresh act of violence and on that day I left the
    county I was informed that forty Frames had been
    broken the preceding evening, as usual, without
    resistance and without detection. Such was the
    state of that county, and such I have reason to
    believe it to be at this moment. But whilst these
    outrages must be admitted to exist to an alarming
    extent, it cannot be denied that they have arisen
    from circumstances of the most unparalleled
    distress the perseverance of these miserable men
    in their proceedings, tends to prove that nothing
    but absolute want could have driven a large, and
    once honest and industrious, body of the people,
    into the commission of excesses so hazardous to
    themselves, their families, and the community.

What is his Point of View? What isms is he?
17
Lord Byron, Song of the Luddites (1816) As the
Liberty lads over the sea Brought their freedom,
and cheaply with blood, So we, boys, weWill die
fighting, or live free, And down with all kings
by King Ludd! When the web that we weave is
complete, And the shuttle exchanged for the
sword, We will fling the winding sheet Over the
despot at our feet, And dye it deep in the gore
he has poured. Though black as his heart its
hue, Since his veins are corrupted to mud, Yet
this is the dewWhich the tree shall renew Of
Liberty, planted by Ludd!
18
French Utopian Socialism
  • Rooted in the Renaissance (Sir Thomas More),
    French Rev (Convention)
  • a reaction to the evils of the Industrial
    Revolution
  • Believed in government economic planning
  • Hated cutthroat, selfish, individualistic and
    chaotic capitalism
  • Private property should be regulated or abolished
  • Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
  • Proposed that the Doers or Captains of Industry
    (scientists, engineers, industrialists) should
    plan the economy
  • Ex. Five Year Plan (Soviet Union)
  • Public should own the means of production
  • Public works projects, investment banking
  • Parasites (monarchs, aristocracy, Church) should
    step aside

A phalanstère was designed to obliterate class
distinctions. Inhabitants of all social standing
were to work and live together, in close
association and cooperation.
19
French Utopian Socialism
  • Louis Blanc (1811-1882)
  • Organization of Work (1839)
  • proposed social workshops (state supported
    manufacturing centers) where workers labor for
    themselves without the intervention of private
    capitalists
  • Temporarily put into practice during Revolutions
    of 1848 in Paris
  • Robert Owen (1771-1858)
  • Industrialist and cotton lord of Manchester
  • Appalled by conditions of mill-workers
  • Created a model community
  • High wages
  • Reduced hours
  • Corrective against vice(drunkenness)
  • Schools
  • Housing
  • Stores
  • paternalistic capitalism turned him into a social
    reformer

From each according to his abilities, to each
according to his needs. Louis Blanc, The
Organization of Work, 1840
20
Nationalism
  • A raised level of consciousness of a particular
    peoples traditions, history, land, language,
    culture that say they should be joined together
    in a nation
  • Glued mostly by a fixed language Romanticism
  • Linguists scholars had begun to fix national
    languages through journals, books, newspapers,
    Bible (Luther)
  • Rejected Congress of Vienna and its principle of
    legitimacy
  • Favor idea of popular sovereignty
  • Although certain minorities came to dominate
    national character (Hungary)
  • Proponents promoted
  • idea of nationalisms economic and administrative
    efficiency (Frederick List)
  • A nation, like a person, is free a creation of
    God
  • Religious figure
  • Poland as the crucified Christ
  • Often fused with romanticism, conservatism,
    liberalism

Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix
(1830)
21
Nationalism Continued
  • Most influential in Germany
  • Herder Father of German Nationalism
  • Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind
    (1784)
  • Volksgeist Spirit of the People
  • Common people (Volk) is where national character
    existed
  • Rejected Enlightenment idea of progress
  • Said each nation should develop their own way and
    avoid distortions by outside influence
  • Didnt think that German culture was better but
    different
  • J. G. Fichte
  • Closed Commercial state (1800)
  • outlined a totalitarian system in which the state
    planned and operated whole economy in
    isolationist fashion, thus protecting national
    character
  • Address To The German Nation, 1807
  • there was an engrained German spirit, primordial,
    to be kept pure at all costs
  • German spirit is better than others

JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERDER (1744 - 1803)
22
  • Johann Gottfried von Herder Materials for the
    Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784
  • Nature brings forth families the most natural
    state therefore is also one people, with a
    national character of its own. For thousands of
    years this character preserves itself within the
    people and, if the native princes concern
    themselves with it, it can be cultivated in the
    most natural way for a people is as much a plant
    of nature as is a family, except that it has more
    branches. Nothing therefore seems more
    contradictory to the true end of governments than
    the endless expansion of states, the wild
    confusion of races and nations under one scepter.
    An empire made up of a hundred peoples and a 120
    provinces which have been forced together is a
    monstrosity, not a state-body.
  • Has a people anything dearer than the speech of
    its fathers? In its speech resides its whole
    thought-domain, its tradition, history, religion,
    and basis of life, all its heart and soul. To
    deprive a people of its speech is to deprive it
    of its one eternal good.... As God tolerates all
    the different languages in the world, so also
    should a ruler not only tolerate but honor the
    various languages of his peoples.... The best
    culture of a people cannot be expressed through a
    foreign language it thrives on the soil of a
    nation most beautifully, and, I may say, it
    thrives only by means of the nation's inherited
    and inheritable dialect. With language is created
    the heart of a people
  • No greater injury can be inflicted on a nation
    than to be robbed of her national character, the
    peculiarity of her spirit and her language.
    Reflect on this and you will perceive our
    irreparable loss. Look about you in Germany for
    the character of the nation, for their own
    particular cast of thought, for their own
    peculiar vein of speech where are they? Read
    Tacitus there you will find their character
    "The tribes of Germany, who never degrade
    themselves by mingling with others, form a
    peculiar, unadulterated, original nation, which
    is its own archetype. Even their physical
    development is universally uniform, despite the
    large numbers of the people," and so forth.

23
Nationalism Continued
  • Father Jahn
  • known as Turnvater Jahn, or the "father of
    gymnastics"
  • Created the balance beam, horizontal bar, the
    parallel bars vaulting horse
  • organized a youth movement (political gymnastics
    clubs)
  • Did calisthenics for Fatherland, made fun of
    aristocrats in French costumes, suspicion of
    foreigners (Jews, internationalists)
  • IE. things that might corrupt the purity of
    German Volk, book burnings
  • "Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and Jews are
    Germany's misfortune."
  • Grimms Fairy Tales
  • Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm (b. 1786), Wilhelm Carl
    Grimm (b. 1886)
  • German academics, linguists, cultural
    researchers, and authors who Searched for the
    Volk in German folklore fairytales
  • Collected stories from peasants villagers
  • Published over 200 tales
  • Snow White, Hansel Gretel, Rapunzel
  • Meant to teach morality, character
  • Friedrick List
  • Advocated Zollverein (free trade zones within
    German states

A Turnverein of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (August 11,
1778 October 15, 1852)
24
Scientific Marxist Socialism
  • Based on philosophy of Karl Marx (1818-1883)
    Friedrich Engles (1820-1895)
  • Brutal and militant revolutionary vision of how
    the working class would defeat bourgeoisie
  • Based inversely on Wilhelm Hegels philosophy
  • German nationalistic philosophy who said history
    is the story of Dialectic (2 opposing pts. Of
    view) Ideals
  • said there is an irrespirable tendency for human
    mind to move forward by the creation of opposites
    (dialectic)
  • a rejection of Enlightenment ideals
  • First there is one view, idea, belief or event
    called the thesis
  • Then an opposing view called antithesis arises
  • Out of these two (many times a compromise of the
    two) is the synthesis (THE TRUTH)
  • Dialectic Materialism explains all human history
  • All change comes through the clash of
    antagonistic elements
  • Historical development is the result of
    conditions created by the interaction of such
    forces

25
Scientific Marxist Socialism
  • Economic causation to all human history/Class
    struggle
  • All human history is a story of a struggle over
    material (resources) between haves and have nots
  • Monarch v. Nobility
  • Nobility v. Bourgeoisie
  • Bourgeoisie v. Proletariat
  • Theory of Surplus Value
  • the stolen portion of the value of the product
    the proletariat labored over
  • The profit of the capitalist
  • Inevitability of Communist State
  • Believed that history is scientific (predictable)
  • Capitalism contains the seeds of its own
    destruction
  • Bourgeoisie will exploit the proletariat until
    class consciousness rises workers destroy
    capitalism in favor of a Dictatorship of the
    Proletariat
  • But Marxism holds that each stage must be carried
    through
  • Feudalism, Capitalism, Communism
  • A classless society (will emerge)
  • Work according to ones ability, take according
    to ones needs
  • Communist Manifesto (1848)
  • A call for revolution
  • ..let the ruling classes tremble at a communist
    revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose
    but their chains. They have a world to win.
    Workingmen of all countries, unite!

26
Honore Daumiers Third Class Carriage
French artist, was deeply interested in the
underprivileged. In Third-Class Carriage he shows
us, with great compassion a group of people on a
train journey. We are especially concerned with
one family group, the young mother tenderly
holding her small child, the weary grandmother
lost in her own thoughts, and the young boy fast
asleep. These are not portraits of particular
people but of mankind.
27
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28

Europe 1815-1848
Nationalism
Utopian Socialism
Liberalism
Marxism
Romanticism
Metternich
Conservativism
Concert System
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