Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals

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Chapter 23 Ideologies and Upheavals
I shall name this land.. Lower Moreland

• Day 37-38
• Age of Isms
• McKay 761-770, Palmer 11.53

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The Age of Isms
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818

• -Reform Bill of 1832
• Factory Act 1833
• Poor Law of 1834

Mines Act
Congress of Vienna
Ten Hours Act (1847)
Congress of Verona, 1822
Corn Laws Repealed
Congress of Troppau (1820)
Socialism
Romanticism
Marxism
Nationalism
1815 1820 1825 1830 1838 1842 1846 1848
(Springtime of Peoples)
Decembrist revolt
-March Days (Austria) -Frankfurt Assembly
Chartists Movement
Burschenschaft formed Carlsbad Decrees issued
(1817)
Peterloo Massacre (1819)
July Revolution
February Revolution (France)
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Introduction

• After the end of the Enlightenment, the fall of
  Napoleon and the onset of the Industrial
  Revolution, Europe saw the emergence of various,
  competing ideologies
• Conservatism (1792)
• Liberalism (1819)
• Romanticism (1820)
• Socialism (1832)
• Nationalism (1812)
• Marxism (communism) (1840s)

Repressive Conserv. Gov.
1848
Isms Train
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Congress (Metternich) System

• Congress of Vienna
• Great powers (Austria, GB, Russia, Prussia)(later
  France) agreed to work in Concert to stop
  growing Isms from spreading
• Known as Metternich System
• Chief diplomatic paradigm from (1815-1848)
• Very Conservative
• Feared liberalism, nationalism, republicanism
• Feared nationalism the most
• a war of all against all
• Goals
• Contain France
• Restore legitimate monarchs
• Maintain balance of power
• Maintain peace
• Stop Isms from spreading

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Conservatism

• Basic Tenets
• A reaction against liberalism (Enlightenment)
• Alternative to the violence and terror of French
  Revolution
• Supporter of restoration of legitimate monarchs
• Ideology of the nobility, the Church, peasants
  some Romantics
• Loved order, stability, tradition, and religion
• Hated notion of a Revolution (change)
• Society is organic
• Reject idea of social contract
• History and God were sole sources of legitimate
  power
• Rejected idea of natural rights
• Every people is different
• Believed in hierarchical society
• Some were born to rule
• Hero
• Edmund Burke- Reflections of the Revolution in
  France
• ism of the governments of Europe from 1815-1848

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Reflections of the Revolution in France

• "I cannot ... give praise or blame to anything
  which relates to human actions, and human
  concerns, on a simple view of the object, as it
  stands stripped of every relation, in all the
  nakedness and solitude of metaphysical
  abstraction. Circumstances ... are what render
  every civil and political scheme beneficial or
  noxious to mankind. Abstractedly speaking,
  government, as well as liberty, is good yet
  could I, in common sense, ten years ago, have
  felicitated (congratulated) France on her
  enjoyment of a government (for she then had a
  government) without inquiring what the nature of
  that government was? ... Can I now congratulate
  the same nation upon its freedom? Is it because
  liberty in the abstract may be classed amongst
  the blessings of mankind, that I am seriously to
  felicitate a madman, who has escaped from the
  protecting restraint and wholesome darkness of
  his cell, on his restoration to the enjoyment of
  light and liberty? ... I should, therefore,
  suspend my congratulations on the new liberty of
  France until I was informed how it had been
  combined with government, with public force, with
  the discipline and obedience of armies, with the
  collection of an effective and well-distributed
  revenue, with morality and religion, with the
  solidity of property, with peace and order, with
  civil and social manners. All these (in their
  way) are good things, too, and without them
  liberty is not a benefit whilst it lasts, and is
  not likely to continue long.

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Classic Liberalism

• Adam Smith followers
• Believers in Classic Liberalism
• Proponents of laissez-faire economics
• Anti-mercantilism
• Free hand of the market and free trade (Smith)
• in free market regulation comes from natural laws
  (law of supply and demand, diminishing returns)
• no tariffs
• all people should follow their own enlightened
  self interests which will generate general
  welfare of all
• Gov.'s job is to preserve security of life and
  property
• Sometimes referred to as Manchester School (of
  thought)
• Thomas R. Malthus
• Essay on the Principle of Population
• Population always tends to grow faster than food
  supply
• Without positive checks of disease, war, etc.
  marriage should be delayed
• David Ricardo
• Iron law of wages
• when workers earn more than subsistence wage they
  breed more children who eat up the excess and
  reduce working class to subsistence

Thomas R. Malthus
If they'd rather die, then they had better do it
and decrease the surplus population. Good night,
gentlemen. Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol
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Classic Liberalism

• Rooted in Enlightenment
• Believed that the individual is a self-sufficient
  being
• The ism of the middle class (bourgeoisie),
  factory owner, some Romantics
• Favored written constitution
• Distrusted Gov.
• Reject republicanism (universal male suffrage)
• Love Lockean notions of the right of rebellion,
  and natural rights
• Favored Smithian Laissez-faire economics (against
  restraints in trade)
• Supported Lockes notion of Tabula Rasa
• Favored balance of power, free trade, education,
  free press, religious toleration
• Heroes Locke, Smith, Philosophes, Ricardo,
  Malthus

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• Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures
  (1835).I have visited many factories, both in
  Manchester and the surrounding districts, during
  a period of several months and I never saw a
  single instance of corporal punishment inflicted
  on a child. The children seemed to be always
  cheerful and alert, taking pleasure in using
  their muscles. The work of these lively elves
  seemed to resemble a sport. Conscious of their
  skill, they were delighted to show it off to any
  stranger. At the end of the day's work they
  showed no sign of being exhausted.

What isms is Ure?
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David Ricardo The Iron Law of Wages, 1817

• As population increases, these necessaries will
  be constantly rising in price, because more
  labour will be necessary to produce them. If,
  then, the money wages of labour should fall,
  whilst every commodity on which the wages of
  labour were expended rose, the labourer would be
  doubly affected, and would be soon totally
  deprived of subsistence. Instead, therefore, of
  the money wages of labour falling, they would
  rise but they would not rise sufficiently to
  enable the labourer to purchase as many comforts
  and necessaries as he did before the rise in the
  price of those commodities....

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Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book IV,
Chapter IX

• According to the system of natural liberty, the
  sovereign has only three duties to attend to ...
  first, the duty of protecting the society from
  the violence and invasion of other independent
  societies secondly, the duty of protecting, so
  far as possible, every member of the society from
  the injustice or oppression of every other member
  of it, or the duty of establishing an exact
  administration of justice, and thirdly, the duty
  of erecting and maintaining certain public works
  and certain public institutions, which it can
  never be for the interest of any individual, or
  small number of individuals, to erect and
  maintain...

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Romanticism

• Rooted in Plato, Rousseau and Kant
• Plato-innate ideas
• Rousseau- Emiles praise of childhood, and
  nature, Noble Savage
• Kant- rejected Lockes notion of tabula rasa in
  favor of categorical imperative
• Innate subjective sense of what is good and
  beautiful, moral
• A reaction against the Enlightenment,
  rationalism, classicalism, liberalism
  Industrial Rev.
• Favored imagination spontaneity over classical
  rules (art literature)
• Sturm Drang (Storm and Stress or Drive)
• Feeling emotion over reason
• Mucho amour for the medieval times nature
• Rejected notion of progress universal laws
• said each historical period people were unique,
  organic, and different
• At the forefront in fighting slavery, industrial
  evils
• Often the ism of writers, musicians, dramatists,
  nationalists

Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, John
Constable
Neuschwanstein Castle
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Wanderer Looking over a Sea of Fog (1815)

• Caspar David Friedrich 1774 1840) century
  German Romantic painter

Click for Beethovens Symphony 9
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Romanticism

• William Blake (1757-1827)
• English poet, painter, and printmaker
• Romantics emphasized feeling emotion over
  reason
• And did those feet in ancient time (1804)
• Poem based on Book of Revelation of Jesus second
  coming to establish a New Jerusalem (heaven)
• dark satanic mills refers to the Industrial
  Revolutions destruction of Nature
• Says we must use our mental tools and make the
  best of this world

Blake's "Newton
And did the Countenance DivineShine forth upon
our clouded hills?And was Jerusalem builded
hereAmong these dark Satanic mills? Bring me my
bow of burning gold!Bring me my arrows of
desire! Bring me my spear! O clouds unfold!Bring
me my Chariot of Fire! I will not cease from
mental fightNor shall my sword sleep in my
handTill we have built JerusalemIn England's
green and pleasant land.
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British House of Parliament (Neo-gothic)
1840-1860
Click for Romantic Documentary
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Lord Byron, speech about the Frame Breaking Act
(1812) which made frame breaking a capital
offence

• During the short time I recently passed in
  Nottingham, not twelve hours elapsed without some
  fresh act of violence and on that day I left the
  county I was informed that forty Frames had been
  broken the preceding evening, as usual, without
  resistance and without detection. Such was the
  state of that county, and such I have reason to
  believe it to be at this moment. But whilst these
  outrages must be admitted to exist to an alarming
  extent, it cannot be denied that they have arisen
  from circumstances of the most unparalleled
  distress the perseverance of these miserable men
  in their proceedings, tends to prove that nothing
  but absolute want could have driven a large, and
  once honest and industrious, body of the people,
  into the commission of excesses so hazardous to
  themselves, their families, and the community.

What is his Point of View? What isms is he?
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Lord Byron, Song of the Luddites (1816) As the
Liberty lads over the sea Brought their freedom,
and cheaply with blood, So we, boys, weWill die
fighting, or live free, And down with all kings
by King Ludd! When the web that we weave is
complete, And the shuttle exchanged for the
sword, We will fling the winding sheet Over the
despot at our feet, And dye it deep in the gore
he has poured. Though black as his heart its
hue, Since his veins are corrupted to mud, Yet
this is the dewWhich the tree shall renew Of
Liberty, planted by Ludd!
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French Utopian Socialism

• Rooted in the Renaissance (Sir Thomas More),
  French Rev (Convention)
• a reaction to the evils of the Industrial
  Revolution
• Believed in government economic planning
• Hated cutthroat, selfish, individualistic and
  chaotic capitalism
• Private property should be regulated or abolished
• Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
• Proposed that the Doers or Captains of Industry
  (scientists, engineers, industrialists) should
  plan the economy
• Ex. Five Year Plan (Soviet Union)
• Public should own the means of production
• Public works projects, investment banking
• Parasites (monarchs, aristocracy, Church) should
  step aside

A phalanstère was designed to obliterate class
distinctions. Inhabitants of all social standing
were to work and live together, in close
association and cooperation.
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French Utopian Socialism

• Louis Blanc (1811-1882)
• Organization of Work (1839)
• proposed social workshops (state supported
  manufacturing centers) where workers labor for
  themselves without the intervention of private
  capitalists
• Temporarily put into practice during Revolutions
  of 1848 in Paris
• Robert Owen (1771-1858)
• Industrialist and cotton lord of Manchester
• Appalled by conditions of mill-workers
• Created a model community
• High wages
• Reduced hours
• Corrective against vice(drunkenness)
• Schools
• Housing
• Stores
• paternalistic capitalism turned him into a social
  reformer

From each according to his abilities, to each
according to his needs. Louis Blanc, The
Organization of Work, 1840
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Nationalism

• A raised level of consciousness of a particular
  peoples traditions, history, land, language,
  culture that say they should be joined together
  in a nation
• Glued mostly by a fixed language Romanticism
• Linguists scholars had begun to fix national
  languages through journals, books, newspapers,
  Bible (Luther)
• Rejected Congress of Vienna and its principle of
  legitimacy
• Favor idea of popular sovereignty
• Although certain minorities came to dominate
  national character (Hungary)
• Proponents promoted
• idea of nationalisms economic and administrative
  efficiency (Frederick List)
• A nation, like a person, is free a creation of
  God
• Religious figure
• Poland as the crucified Christ
• Often fused with romanticism, conservatism,
  liberalism

Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix
(1830)
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Nationalism Continued

• Most influential in Germany
• Herder Father of German Nationalism
• Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind
  (1784)
• Volksgeist Spirit of the People
• Common people (Volk) is where national character
  existed
• Rejected Enlightenment idea of progress
• Said each nation should develop their own way and
  avoid distortions by outside influence
• Didnt think that German culture was better but
  different
• J. G. Fichte
• Closed Commercial state (1800)
• outlined a totalitarian system in which the state
  planned and operated whole economy in
  isolationist fashion, thus protecting national
  character
• Address To The German Nation, 1807
• there was an engrained German spirit, primordial,
  to be kept pure at all costs
• German spirit is better than others

JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERDER (1744 - 1803)
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• Johann Gottfried von Herder Materials for the
  Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784
• Nature brings forth families the most natural
  state therefore is also one people, with a
  national character of its own. For thousands of
  years this character preserves itself within the
  people and, if the native princes concern
  themselves with it, it can be cultivated in the
  most natural way for a people is as much a plant
  of nature as is a family, except that it has more
  branches. Nothing therefore seems more
  contradictory to the true end of governments than
  the endless expansion of states, the wild
  confusion of races and nations under one scepter.
  An empire made up of a hundred peoples and a 120
  provinces which have been forced together is a
  monstrosity, not a state-body.
• Has a people anything dearer than the speech of
  its fathers? In its speech resides its whole
  thought-domain, its tradition, history, religion,
  and basis of life, all its heart and soul. To
  deprive a people of its speech is to deprive it
  of its one eternal good.... As God tolerates all
  the different languages in the world, so also
  should a ruler not only tolerate but honor the
  various languages of his peoples.... The best
  culture of a people cannot be expressed through a
  foreign language it thrives on the soil of a
  nation most beautifully, and, I may say, it
  thrives only by means of the nation's inherited
  and inheritable dialect. With language is created
  the heart of a people
• No greater injury can be inflicted on a nation
  than to be robbed of her national character, the
  peculiarity of her spirit and her language.
  Reflect on this and you will perceive our
  irreparable loss. Look about you in Germany for
  the character of the nation, for their own
  particular cast of thought, for their own
  peculiar vein of speech where are they? Read
  Tacitus there you will find their character
  "The tribes of Germany, who never degrade
  themselves by mingling with others, form a
  peculiar, unadulterated, original nation, which
  is its own archetype. Even their physical
  development is universally uniform, despite the
  large numbers of the people," and so forth.

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Nationalism Continued

• Father Jahn
• known as Turnvater Jahn, or the "father of
  gymnastics"
• Created the balance beam, horizontal bar, the
  parallel bars vaulting horse
• organized a youth movement (political gymnastics
  clubs)
• Did calisthenics for Fatherland, made fun of
  aristocrats in French costumes, suspicion of
  foreigners (Jews, internationalists)
• IE. things that might corrupt the purity of
  German Volk, book burnings
• "Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and Jews are
  Germany's misfortune."
• Grimms Fairy Tales
• Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm (b. 1786), Wilhelm Carl
  Grimm (b. 1886)
• German academics, linguists, cultural
  researchers, and authors who Searched for the
  Volk in German folklore fairytales
• Collected stories from peasants villagers
• Published over 200 tales
• Snow White, Hansel Gretel, Rapunzel
• Meant to teach morality, character
• Friedrick List
• Advocated Zollverein (free trade zones within
  German states

A Turnverein of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (August 11,
1778 October 15, 1852)
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Scientific Marxist Socialism

• Based on philosophy of Karl Marx (1818-1883)
  Friedrich Engles (1820-1895)
• Brutal and militant revolutionary vision of how
  the working class would defeat bourgeoisie
• Based inversely on Wilhelm Hegels philosophy
• German nationalistic philosophy who said history
  is the story of Dialectic (2 opposing pts. Of
  view) Ideals
• said there is an irrespirable tendency for human
  mind to move forward by the creation of opposites
  (dialectic)
• a rejection of Enlightenment ideals
• First there is one view, idea, belief or event
  called the thesis
• Then an opposing view called antithesis arises
• Out of these two (many times a compromise of the
  two) is the synthesis (THE TRUTH)
• Dialectic Materialism explains all human history
• All change comes through the clash of
  antagonistic elements
• Historical development is the result of
  conditions created by the interaction of such
  forces

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Scientific Marxist Socialism

• Economic causation to all human history/Class
  struggle
• All human history is a story of a struggle over
  material (resources) between haves and have nots
• Monarch v. Nobility
• Nobility v. Bourgeoisie
• Bourgeoisie v. Proletariat
• Theory of Surplus Value
• the stolen portion of the value of the product
  the proletariat labored over
• The profit of the capitalist
• Inevitability of Communist State
• Believed that history is scientific (predictable)
• Capitalism contains the seeds of its own
  destruction
• Bourgeoisie will exploit the proletariat until
  class consciousness rises workers destroy
  capitalism in favor of a Dictatorship of the
  Proletariat
• But Marxism holds that each stage must be carried
  through
• Feudalism, Capitalism, Communism
• A classless society (will emerge)
• Work according to ones ability, take according
  to ones needs
• Communist Manifesto (1848)
• A call for revolution
• ..let the ruling classes tremble at a communist
  revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose
  but their chains. They have a world to win.
  Workingmen of all countries, unite!

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Honore Daumiers Third Class Carriage
French artist, was deeply interested in the
underprivileged. In Third-Class Carriage he shows
us, with great compassion a group of people on a
train journey. We are especially concerned with
one family group, the young mother tenderly
holding her small child, the weary grandmother
lost in her own thoughts, and the young boy fast
asleep. These are not portraits of particular
people but of mankind.
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Europe 1815-1848
Nationalism
Utopian Socialism
Liberalism
Marxism
Romanticism
Metternich
Conservativism
Concert System