Title: Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals
1Chapter 23 Ideologies and Upheavals
I shall name this land.. Lower Moreland
- Day 37-38
- Age of Isms
- McKay 761-770, Palmer 11.53
2The Age of Isms
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818
- -Reform Bill of 1832
- Factory Act 1833
- Poor Law of 1834
Mines Act
Congress of Vienna
Ten Hours Act (1847)
Congress of Verona, 1822
Corn Laws Repealed
Congress of Troppau (1820)
Socialism
Romanticism
Marxism
Nationalism
1815 1820 1825 1830 1838 1842 1846 1848
(Springtime of Peoples)
Decembrist revolt
-March Days (Austria) -Frankfurt Assembly
Chartists Movement
Burschenschaft formed Carlsbad Decrees issued
(1817)
Peterloo Massacre (1819)
July Revolution
February Revolution (France)
3Introduction
- After the end of the Enlightenment, the fall of
Napoleon and the onset of the Industrial
Revolution, Europe saw the emergence of various,
competing ideologies - Conservatism (1792)
- Liberalism (1819)
- Romanticism (1820)
- Socialism (1832)
- Nationalism (1812)
- Marxism (communism) (1840s)
Repressive Conserv. Gov.
1848
Isms Train
4Congress (Metternich) System
- Congress of Vienna
- Great powers (Austria, GB, Russia, Prussia)(later
France) agreed to work in Concert to stop
growing Isms from spreading - Known as Metternich System
- Chief diplomatic paradigm from (1815-1848)
- Very Conservative
- Feared liberalism, nationalism, republicanism
- Feared nationalism the most
- a war of all against all
- Goals
- Contain France
- Restore legitimate monarchs
- Maintain balance of power
- Maintain peace
- Stop Isms from spreading
5Conservatism
- Basic Tenets
- A reaction against liberalism (Enlightenment)
- Alternative to the violence and terror of French
Revolution - Supporter of restoration of legitimate monarchs
- Ideology of the nobility, the Church, peasants
some Romantics - Loved order, stability, tradition, and religion
- Hated notion of a Revolution (change)
- Society is organic
- Reject idea of social contract
- History and God were sole sources of legitimate
power - Rejected idea of natural rights
- Every people is different
- Believed in hierarchical society
- Some were born to rule
- Hero
- Edmund Burke- Reflections of the Revolution in
France - ism of the governments of Europe from 1815-1848
6Reflections of the Revolution in France
- "I cannot ... give praise or blame to anything
which relates to human actions, and human
concerns, on a simple view of the object, as it
stands stripped of every relation, in all the
nakedness and solitude of metaphysical
abstraction. Circumstances ... are what render
every civil and political scheme beneficial or
noxious to mankind. Abstractedly speaking,
government, as well as liberty, is good yet
could I, in common sense, ten years ago, have
felicitated (congratulated) France on her
enjoyment of a government (for she then had a
government) without inquiring what the nature of
that government was? ... Can I now congratulate
the same nation upon its freedom? Is it because
liberty in the abstract may be classed amongst
the blessings of mankind, that I am seriously to
felicitate a madman, who has escaped from the
protecting restraint and wholesome darkness of
his cell, on his restoration to the enjoyment of
light and liberty? ... I should, therefore,
suspend my congratulations on the new liberty of
France until I was informed how it had been
combined with government, with public force, with
the discipline and obedience of armies, with the
collection of an effective and well-distributed
revenue, with morality and religion, with the
solidity of property, with peace and order, with
civil and social manners. All these (in their
way) are good things, too, and without them
liberty is not a benefit whilst it lasts, and is
not likely to continue long.
7Classic Liberalism
- Adam Smith followers
- Believers in Classic Liberalism
- Proponents of laissez-faire economics
- Anti-mercantilism
- Free hand of the market and free trade (Smith)
- in free market regulation comes from natural laws
(law of supply and demand, diminishing returns) - no tariffs
- all people should follow their own enlightened
self interests which will generate general
welfare of all - Gov.'s job is to preserve security of life and
property - Sometimes referred to as Manchester School (of
thought) - Thomas R. Malthus
- Essay on the Principle of Population
- Population always tends to grow faster than food
supply - Without positive checks of disease, war, etc.
marriage should be delayed - David Ricardo
- Iron law of wages
- when workers earn more than subsistence wage they
breed more children who eat up the excess and
reduce working class to subsistence
Thomas R. Malthus
If they'd rather die, then they had better do it
and decrease the surplus population. Good night,
gentlemen. Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol
8Classic Liberalism
- Rooted in Enlightenment
- Believed that the individual is a self-sufficient
being - The ism of the middle class (bourgeoisie),
factory owner, some Romantics - Favored written constitution
- Distrusted Gov.
- Reject republicanism (universal male suffrage)
- Love Lockean notions of the right of rebellion,
and natural rights - Favored Smithian Laissez-faire economics (against
restraints in trade) - Supported Lockes notion of Tabula Rasa
- Favored balance of power, free trade, education,
free press, religious toleration - Heroes Locke, Smith, Philosophes, Ricardo,
Malthus
9- Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures
(1835).I have visited many factories, both in
Manchester and the surrounding districts, during
a period of several months and I never saw a
single instance of corporal punishment inflicted
on a child. The children seemed to be always
cheerful and alert, taking pleasure in using
their muscles. The work of these lively elves
seemed to resemble a sport. Conscious of their
skill, they were delighted to show it off to any
stranger. At the end of the day's work they
showed no sign of being exhausted.
What isms is Ure?
10David Ricardo The Iron Law of Wages, 1817
- As population increases, these necessaries will
be constantly rising in price, because more
labour will be necessary to produce them. If,
then, the money wages of labour should fall,
whilst every commodity on which the wages of
labour were expended rose, the labourer would be
doubly affected, and would be soon totally
deprived of subsistence. Instead, therefore, of
the money wages of labour falling, they would
rise but they would not rise sufficiently to
enable the labourer to purchase as many comforts
and necessaries as he did before the rise in the
price of those commodities....
11Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book IV,
Chapter IX
- According to the system of natural liberty, the
sovereign has only three duties to attend to ...
first, the duty of protecting the society from
the violence and invasion of other independent
societies secondly, the duty of protecting, so
far as possible, every member of the society from
the injustice or oppression of every other member
of it, or the duty of establishing an exact
administration of justice, and thirdly, the duty
of erecting and maintaining certain public works
and certain public institutions, which it can
never be for the interest of any individual, or
small number of individuals, to erect and
maintain...
12Romanticism
- Rooted in Plato, Rousseau and Kant
- Plato-innate ideas
- Rousseau- Emiles praise of childhood, and
nature, Noble Savage - Kant- rejected Lockes notion of tabula rasa in
favor of categorical imperative - Innate subjective sense of what is good and
beautiful, moral - A reaction against the Enlightenment,
rationalism, classicalism, liberalism
Industrial Rev. - Favored imagination spontaneity over classical
rules (art literature) - Sturm Drang (Storm and Stress or Drive)
- Feeling emotion over reason
- Mucho amour for the medieval times nature
- Rejected notion of progress universal laws
- said each historical period people were unique,
organic, and different - At the forefront in fighting slavery, industrial
evils - Often the ism of writers, musicians, dramatists,
nationalists
Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, John
Constable
Neuschwanstein Castle
13Wanderer Looking over a Sea of Fog (1815)
- Caspar David Friedrich 1774 1840) century
German Romantic painter
Click for Beethovens Symphony 9
14Romanticism
- William Blake (1757-1827)
- English poet, painter, and printmaker
- Romantics emphasized feeling emotion over
reason - And did those feet in ancient time (1804)
- Poem based on Book of Revelation of Jesus second
coming to establish a New Jerusalem (heaven) - dark satanic mills refers to the Industrial
Revolutions destruction of Nature - Says we must use our mental tools and make the
best of this world
Blake's "Newton
And did the Countenance DivineShine forth upon
our clouded hills?And was Jerusalem builded
hereAmong these dark Satanic mills? Bring me my
bow of burning gold!Bring me my arrows of
desire! Bring me my spear! O clouds unfold!Bring
me my Chariot of Fire! I will not cease from
mental fightNor shall my sword sleep in my
handTill we have built JerusalemIn England's
green and pleasant land.
15British House of Parliament (Neo-gothic)
1840-1860
Click for Romantic Documentary
16Lord Byron, speech about the Frame Breaking Act
(1812) which made frame breaking a capital
offence
- During the short time I recently passed in
Nottingham, not twelve hours elapsed without some
fresh act of violence and on that day I left the
county I was informed that forty Frames had been
broken the preceding evening, as usual, without
resistance and without detection. Such was the
state of that county, and such I have reason to
believe it to be at this moment. But whilst these
outrages must be admitted to exist to an alarming
extent, it cannot be denied that they have arisen
from circumstances of the most unparalleled
distress the perseverance of these miserable men
in their proceedings, tends to prove that nothing
but absolute want could have driven a large, and
once honest and industrious, body of the people,
into the commission of excesses so hazardous to
themselves, their families, and the community.
What is his Point of View? What isms is he?
17Lord Byron, Song of the Luddites (1816) As the
Liberty lads over the sea Brought their freedom,
and cheaply with blood, So we, boys, weWill die
fighting, or live free, And down with all kings
by King Ludd! When the web that we weave is
complete, And the shuttle exchanged for the
sword, We will fling the winding sheet Over the
despot at our feet, And dye it deep in the gore
he has poured. Though black as his heart its
hue, Since his veins are corrupted to mud, Yet
this is the dewWhich the tree shall renew Of
Liberty, planted by Ludd!
18French Utopian Socialism
- Rooted in the Renaissance (Sir Thomas More),
French Rev (Convention) - a reaction to the evils of the Industrial
Revolution - Believed in government economic planning
- Hated cutthroat, selfish, individualistic and
chaotic capitalism - Private property should be regulated or abolished
- Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
- Proposed that the Doers or Captains of Industry
(scientists, engineers, industrialists) should
plan the economy - Ex. Five Year Plan (Soviet Union)
- Public should own the means of production
- Public works projects, investment banking
- Parasites (monarchs, aristocracy, Church) should
step aside
A phalanstère was designed to obliterate class
distinctions. Inhabitants of all social standing
were to work and live together, in close
association and cooperation.
19French Utopian Socialism
- Louis Blanc (1811-1882)
- Organization of Work (1839)
- proposed social workshops (state supported
manufacturing centers) where workers labor for
themselves without the intervention of private
capitalists - Temporarily put into practice during Revolutions
of 1848 in Paris - Robert Owen (1771-1858)
- Industrialist and cotton lord of Manchester
- Appalled by conditions of mill-workers
- Created a model community
- High wages
- Reduced hours
- Corrective against vice(drunkenness)
- Schools
- Housing
- Stores
- paternalistic capitalism turned him into a social
reformer
From each according to his abilities, to each
according to his needs. Louis Blanc, The
Organization of Work, 1840
20Nationalism
- A raised level of consciousness of a particular
peoples traditions, history, land, language,
culture that say they should be joined together
in a nation - Glued mostly by a fixed language Romanticism
- Linguists scholars had begun to fix national
languages through journals, books, newspapers,
Bible (Luther) - Rejected Congress of Vienna and its principle of
legitimacy - Favor idea of popular sovereignty
- Although certain minorities came to dominate
national character (Hungary) - Proponents promoted
- idea of nationalisms economic and administrative
efficiency (Frederick List) - A nation, like a person, is free a creation of
God - Religious figure
- Poland as the crucified Christ
- Often fused with romanticism, conservatism,
liberalism
Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix
(1830)
21Nationalism Continued
- Most influential in Germany
- Herder Father of German Nationalism
- Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind
(1784) - Volksgeist Spirit of the People
- Common people (Volk) is where national character
existed - Rejected Enlightenment idea of progress
- Said each nation should develop their own way and
avoid distortions by outside influence - Didnt think that German culture was better but
different - J. G. Fichte
- Closed Commercial state (1800)
- outlined a totalitarian system in which the state
planned and operated whole economy in
isolationist fashion, thus protecting national
character - Address To The German Nation, 1807
- there was an engrained German spirit, primordial,
to be kept pure at all costs - German spirit is better than others
JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERDER (1744 - 1803)
22- Johann Gottfried von Herder Materials for the
Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784 - Nature brings forth families the most natural
state therefore is also one people, with a
national character of its own. For thousands of
years this character preserves itself within the
people and, if the native princes concern
themselves with it, it can be cultivated in the
most natural way for a people is as much a plant
of nature as is a family, except that it has more
branches. Nothing therefore seems more
contradictory to the true end of governments than
the endless expansion of states, the wild
confusion of races and nations under one scepter.
An empire made up of a hundred peoples and a 120
provinces which have been forced together is a
monstrosity, not a state-body. - Has a people anything dearer than the speech of
its fathers? In its speech resides its whole
thought-domain, its tradition, history, religion,
and basis of life, all its heart and soul. To
deprive a people of its speech is to deprive it
of its one eternal good.... As God tolerates all
the different languages in the world, so also
should a ruler not only tolerate but honor the
various languages of his peoples.... The best
culture of a people cannot be expressed through a
foreign language it thrives on the soil of a
nation most beautifully, and, I may say, it
thrives only by means of the nation's inherited
and inheritable dialect. With language is created
the heart of a people - No greater injury can be inflicted on a nation
than to be robbed of her national character, the
peculiarity of her spirit and her language.
Reflect on this and you will perceive our
irreparable loss. Look about you in Germany for
the character of the nation, for their own
particular cast of thought, for their own
peculiar vein of speech where are they? Read
Tacitus there you will find their character
"The tribes of Germany, who never degrade
themselves by mingling with others, form a
peculiar, unadulterated, original nation, which
is its own archetype. Even their physical
development is universally uniform, despite the
large numbers of the people," and so forth.
23Nationalism Continued
- Father Jahn
- known as Turnvater Jahn, or the "father of
gymnastics" - Created the balance beam, horizontal bar, the
parallel bars vaulting horse - organized a youth movement (political gymnastics
clubs) - Did calisthenics for Fatherland, made fun of
aristocrats in French costumes, suspicion of
foreigners (Jews, internationalists) - IE. things that might corrupt the purity of
German Volk, book burnings - "Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and Jews are
Germany's misfortune." - Grimms Fairy Tales
- Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm (b. 1786), Wilhelm Carl
Grimm (b. 1886) - German academics, linguists, cultural
researchers, and authors who Searched for the
Volk in German folklore fairytales - Collected stories from peasants villagers
- Published over 200 tales
- Snow White, Hansel Gretel, Rapunzel
- Meant to teach morality, character
- Friedrick List
- Advocated Zollverein (free trade zones within
German states
A Turnverein of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (August 11,
1778 October 15, 1852)
24Scientific Marxist Socialism
- Based on philosophy of Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Friedrich Engles (1820-1895) - Brutal and militant revolutionary vision of how
the working class would defeat bourgeoisie - Based inversely on Wilhelm Hegels philosophy
- German nationalistic philosophy who said history
is the story of Dialectic (2 opposing pts. Of
view) Ideals - said there is an irrespirable tendency for human
mind to move forward by the creation of opposites
(dialectic) - a rejection of Enlightenment ideals
- First there is one view, idea, belief or event
called the thesis - Then an opposing view called antithesis arises
- Out of these two (many times a compromise of the
two) is the synthesis (THE TRUTH) - Dialectic Materialism explains all human history
- All change comes through the clash of
antagonistic elements - Historical development is the result of
conditions created by the interaction of such
forces
25Scientific Marxist Socialism
- Economic causation to all human history/Class
struggle - All human history is a story of a struggle over
material (resources) between haves and have nots - Monarch v. Nobility
- Nobility v. Bourgeoisie
- Bourgeoisie v. Proletariat
- Theory of Surplus Value
- the stolen portion of the value of the product
the proletariat labored over - The profit of the capitalist
- Inevitability of Communist State
- Believed that history is scientific (predictable)
- Capitalism contains the seeds of its own
destruction - Bourgeoisie will exploit the proletariat until
class consciousness rises workers destroy
capitalism in favor of a Dictatorship of the
Proletariat - But Marxism holds that each stage must be carried
through - Feudalism, Capitalism, Communism
- A classless society (will emerge)
- Work according to ones ability, take according
to ones needs - Communist Manifesto (1848)
- A call for revolution
- ..let the ruling classes tremble at a communist
revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose
but their chains. They have a world to win.
Workingmen of all countries, unite!
26Honore Daumiers Third Class Carriage
French artist, was deeply interested in the
underprivileged. In Third-Class Carriage he shows
us, with great compassion a group of people on a
train journey. We are especially concerned with
one family group, the young mother tenderly
holding her small child, the weary grandmother
lost in her own thoughts, and the young boy fast
asleep. These are not portraits of particular
people but of mankind.
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28 Europe 1815-1848
Nationalism
Utopian Socialism
Liberalism
Marxism
Romanticism
Metternich
Conservativism
Concert System