Biology Semester Exam Review

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Biology Semester Exam Review
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Scientific Method
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Steps of Sci Method

• Observation - Problem
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Record Data ( or details)
• Analyze and Form Conclusions
• Replicate Work

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Variables

• Controlled Experiment
• Two groups differ by one factor control is
  present
• Control vs Experimental Group Experimental group
  has something changed (i.e. amount of light, etc)

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Variables

• Independent Variables
• Changed by scientist to see what happens
• Dependent Variable Changes in response to the
  change the scientist makes to the independent
  variable.

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Seven characteristics of living things

• Respond to stimuli
• Limited life span
• Maintains homeostasis
• Made up of one or more cells
• Reproduces
• Growth and development
• Contains hereditary information

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Chemistry
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Covalent Bonds

• Bond formed by sharing electrons

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Ionic Bond

• Bond that forms by transferring the electrons
  can create an electrical attraction

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Elements, Compound, Mixture

• Elements substance made up of one kind of atom
  (i.e. oxygen)
• Compound made up of two or more elements (i.e.
  water), chemically bonded
• Mixture substances that are mixed without
  forming a new chemical bond (i.e. saltwater)

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2H2O O2?2H2O2

• Atoms hydrogen, oxygen
• Reactants 2H2O O2
• Products 2H2O2

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pH Scale

• pH runs from 1-14
• 7 is neutral
• Below 7? acidic (with 1 being more acidic)
• Above 7? basic with 14 being most basic

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pH Scale

• The pH scale measures the amount of hydrogen ions
  in a solution. pH stands for powers of hydrogen.

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Neutralization Reaction

• Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are
  combined to form water and salt
• EX NaOH HCl ? NaCl H2O

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Solution Its Parts

• Substances are spread evenly throughout the
  mixture
• EX Air- comprised of N, O, CO2
• Two parts
• Solvent substance that a solute is dissolved in
• Solutes substance that is dissolved in a solvent

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Biochemistry
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Organic Compounds

• Compounds that contain carbon and occur naturally
  only in the bodies and products of an organism

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Monomers

• Carbs sugar (monosaccharide)
• Proteins amino acids
• Nucleic Acid nucleotide

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Parts of a lipid

• 3 fatty acids and glycerol

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Classify

• A. carb
• B. carb
• C. Lipids
• D. Lipids
• E. Lipids
• F. Nucleic Acids
• G. Nucleic Acids
• H. Proteins
• I-K. Carb

• Disaccaharide
• 2 sugars (maltose)
• Polypeptide
• 2 amino acids connected by peptide bonds

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Polar vs. Nonpolar

• Water is polar
• Polar molecule a molecule that has a partial
  positive and partial negative charge
• Only polar substances will dissolve in water non
  polar will not.

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Enzymes

• Proteins that are necessary for life
• It is a catalyst, which causes a reaction to
  occur
• Affected by pH, temperature
• Active site Area where substrate binds

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Cell Theory

• 1. All living things are composed of one or more
  cells
• 2. Cells are organisms basic units of structure
  and function
• 3. Cells come only from existing cells

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotes Lack any internal membrane bound
  structures (most organelles) and nucleus
• Ex bacteria
• Eukaryotes have nucleus plants animals

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Fluid Mosaic Model

• Fluid because
• the phospholipid and protein molecules are able
  to move around not stuck in one place and
• Mosaic because
• The membrane contains a variety of proteins
  embedded within the phospholipid.

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Phospholipid Bilayer
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Permeable

• Permeable membrane allows everything to pass
  through
• (selectively)Semi-permeable only allows some
  things to pass through
• Impermeable does not allow anything to pass

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Organization

• Cells to tissue
• Tissue to organs
• Organs to organ system
• Organ system to organism

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Active vs. Passive

• Active
• Energy Required
• Moves from low concentration to high concentration

• Passive
• No energy required
• Moves from high concentration to low concentration

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Diffusion

• Movement of molecules from an area of high
  concentration to an area of lower concentration
• Passive Transport

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Diffusion
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Concentration Gradient

• Occurs when there is a difference between high
  and low concentration

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Osmosis

• Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
  membrane from region of high water concentration
  to a region of low water concentration
• Passive

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Plasmolysis vs. Cytolysis

• Plasmolysis shrinking of cytoplasm (result of
  hypertonic solution)
• Cytolysis cell explodes due to hypotonic
  solution

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Endocytosis

• Transporting material into cell by vesicle
• EX
• Pinocytosis small liquids are taken into cell by
  vesicle
• Phagocytosis solid particles ingested into cell
  by vesicles

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Exocytosis

• Transporting material out of cell by vesicle

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Type of Solution Where is there more solute Where is there more solvent (water) What direction does water move What happens to the cell
Hypotonic Inside cell Outside cell Inside Cytolysis (explode)
Hypertonic Outside cell Inside cell Outside Plasmolysis (shrink)
Isotonic Equal Equal Constant Nothing
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Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• What is photosynthesis?
• The process of capturing energy of sunlight and
  transforming it into chemical energy.
• a.Where in the cell does it take place?
• Chloroplast

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• The overall chemical reaction involved in
  photosynthesis is
• 6CO2 6H2O light energy ? C6H12O6 6O2.
• In simple terms, we can say it the following way
• Carbon Dioxide Water sun energy ? Glucose
  Oxygen
• Reactants
• Carbon dioxide, water, energy
• Products
• Glucose, oxygen

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2. What is the difference between autotrophs and
heterotrophs?

• Autotrophs
• Organisms that make their own food
• EX green plants, algae
• Heterotrophs
• Organisms that cannot make their own food and
  must depend on other plants or animals as food
  source

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3. What is aerobic cellular respiration? Where
in the cell does it take place?

• Aerobic Respiration
• Occurs in presence of oxygen
• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Yields about 36 ATP

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4. How is aerobic respiration different from
anaerobic cellular respiration?

• Anaerobic Respiration
• Occurs without oxygen
• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Yields 2 ATP

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• 5. What is another name for anaerobic
  respiration?
• Fermentation
• Lactic acid fermentation
• Alcoholic Fermentation