CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL ORIGINS

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CHAPTER 1HISTORICAL ORIGINS
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THE EVOLUTION OF THE DETECTIVE

• European Origins
• FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM
• TITHINGS
• MERCHANT FINANCED WATCHES

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Shifting masses of people
• Younger people relocating to cities
• Brutal Punishments- capital offenses
• Parliamentary reward system
• Apprehension paid official 40 pounds

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EUROPEAN ORIGINS

• THIEF TAKING- fee for return of property
• JONATHON WILD It takes a thief to catch a thief
• Buckle maker and Brothel operator
• Hired thieves for a cut of their thefts
• Sometimes he turned in his employees for reward
• Executed for stealing items to be returned

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ORIGINS (Cont.)

• EUGENE VODOCQ- Thief catcher 80 yr. after Wild
• Thief sanctioned by police- informant
• Became head of Paris detective bureau
• Police grew envious, accused of picking pockets,
  left Paris police
• Started pvt. detective bureau-200 arrests
• Started Trade protection society

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ENGLISH DETECTIVE

• HENRY FIELDING- Wrote Tom Jones
• Bow Street Runners
• Became Magistrate
• Passed company to blind brother
• 1821- 1828/ 41 increase in crime with only a 15
  increase in population
• Blamed crime increase on gin consumption

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LONDON METRO POLICE ACT

• SIS ROBERT PEEL- Occupied a building that had
  been used by Scottish Royalty
• Open to public- called Scotland Yard
• Bobbies- introduced term Detective
• Model for Police Administration
• Peels Principles
• http//www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/laworder/9points
  .htm

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EARLY AMERICAN DETECTIVES

• Allan Pinkerton- Appointed by mayor of Chicago-
  First detective 1849
• AMERICAS FOUNDEROF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
• Pinkerton Investigative Agency early 1850s
• War Between the States- Protected President
  Lincoln- Gathered intelligence for the North
• Pioneered handwriting examinations and central
  federal record keeping. FBI roots

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MODUS OPERANDI

• The way you go about committing crime MO
• Thomas Byrnes- NYC Chief of Detectives first
  recognized criminal technique

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STATE-AUTHORIZED POLICING

• Texas Rangers- 1835 First State Police started
  for protection from indians

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FEDERAL INVESTIGATIONS

• J. Edgar Hoover- First Director- 1924
• Est. Central Records Chicago/ Leavenworth
• Uniform Crime Reports
• Established the FBI image

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UNIFORM CRIME REPORT

• UCR- NUMBER OF REPORTED CRIMES PER 100,000
• Crimes/Population X 100,000 UCR
• 100/1,000,000 X 100,000 10

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CRIMINALISTICS

• Forensic Science earliest application
• Alphonse Bertillion- Anthropometry- Catalogued
  basic factors for identification
• Body measured in 11 key places
• eye, hair, and skin color
• Portrait parle- front and side mug shot
• Will West Case

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CONTRIBUTORS TO CRIMINALISTICS

• Francis Galton- dactylography- fingerprint
  identification
• Edward Richard Henry- System of fingerprint
  classification
• Arthur Conan Doyle- Sherlock Holmes books
  predicted many forensic practices
• Edmond Locard- Established principle Every
  contact leaves a trace

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CONTRIBUTORS (Cont.)

• AUGUST VOLLMER
• Town Marshall- Berkley CA
• Police organization
• Agency developed the first polygraph
• ALEC JEFFREYS Discovered DNA Profiling Genetic
  fingerprinting 1984
• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 1st use1987

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DR. HENRY C. LEE

• Contemporary criminalist
• Kennedy assination
• OJ Simpson Case
• Jon Benet Ramsey

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LEGAL INFLUENCES

• Bill of Rights
• 14th Amendment
• 4th, 5th, and 6th most effect on CRJ

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4TH AMENDMENT

• Unlawful search and seizure
• Exclusionary Rule
• Mapp v. Ohio

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5TH AMENDMENT

• You cannot be compelled to be a witness against
  yourself
• You cannot be deprived of due process rights
• You cannot be tried twice for the same offense

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6TH AMENDMENT

• Right to counsel
• Right to have a swift trial
• Jury of your peers

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U.S. ORIGINS
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