DNA: life's code

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DNA life's code

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What does DNA mean?
DNA
Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid
_____________
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DNA looks like...
A ladder
twisted
...that has been __________ over and over. It's
called a "________________"
Double helix
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What's its function?
DNA makes up genes that determines the ______ of
all living things.such as
traits
Eye color, skin color, texture, freckles, hair
color, styleetc
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Makes up _____________
GENES
Controls ____________
TRAITS
DNA
Forms _______________________
CHROMOSOMES
NUCLEUS
Found in the __________ of all cells
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The code is found in the ________ of the
ladder. Each rung is a combination of ______
________________ bonded together. The Nitrogen
bases are C CYTOSINE G GUANINE T
THYMINE A ADENINE
RUNGS
2 nitrogen bases
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How does the DNA code work?
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A bonds ONLY with ___
T
A
T
C
G
C bonds ONLY with ___
G
A
T
A
T
C
G
G
C
C
G
This goes on for the entire length of the DNA
molecule, which consists of __________ of
nitrogen bases.
T
A
billions
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The Code
The ____________________ in DNA will determine
what the trait is.
sequence of letters
For example Lets take a look at the letters of
the alphabet
If you change the letters to L O W it no
longer means
O W L means
However
A predatory bird
A predatory bird
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Since DNA consists of billions of nitrogen bases,
the amount of variation among organisms is HUGE.
If you change only one letter, the entire code
will be changed, and therefore the organism will
be different!!
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How are DNA chromosomes related?

• DNA makes up a _______________.
• Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of every
  cell in the body!!

chromosome
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What is a gene?
A gene is a ________________________that codes
for one __________________.
Small piece Of DNA
gene
specific trait
30,000
There are about __________ genes in an entire DNA
molecule
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Making proteins
DNA
RNA
Protein
ribosome
nucleus
(Physical trait)
RNA is a __________ molecule. It helps carry
the DNA code to the __________ so it can make the
protein.
helper
Skin color/texture Eye color/shape Height Bone
density Hair texture Etc
ribosome
DNA contains the code for what protein will be
made by the cell
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Mutations

• When the sequence of letters is changed. Since
  the code no longer reads the correct way, the
  cell does not make the correct protein.
• Consequently, a different trait may appear.
• They are usually BAD

Oops!!
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Questions
Deoxyribo-nucleic acid

• What does DNA mean? _____________________________
  ________
• Suppose one side of a DNA molecule had the bases
• A-A-G-T-C- G- A-T-G-G-C-A-C-C. What would the
  other side of the DNA look like?
  ____________________________________________
• What is the function of RNA? ____________________
  _________
• What is a mutation? _____________________________
  _________
• What term best describes what a DNA looks like?
  _________________
• Explain the relationship between DNA,
  chromosomes, and genes?
• _________________________________________________
  _________
• If everyone consists of only 4 nitrogen bases
  (A-T-C-G), why are no two people alike?
  __________________________________
• How many chromosomes does a human have?
  ___________
• How many genes does a human have? ___________
• Therefore, approximately how many genes are on a
  single chromosome? ______
• If 24 of a DNA molecule is Adenine, what percent
  would be
• Thymine ____ Guanine _____ Cytosine
  _____

T-
T-
C-
A-
G-
C--
T-
A-
C-
C-
G-
T-
G-G
carry the DNA code to the ribosome
A random change in the DNA code
Double helix
A chromosomes is made up of DNA, which is
consists of about 30,000 genes
bc its the sequence of nitogen bases that makes
us different
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About 30,000
650
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DNA in Review
DNA MOLECULE _______________ (SHAPE) SIDE
PARTS RUNG PARTS ___________
___________
___________
___________ ___________
___________

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What is the difference between a cell, nucleus,
chromosome, genes, and DNA? How are they related?
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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Cell
________________________________ Nucleus
________________________________ Chromosome
_________________________________ Gene(s)
_____________________________________ DNA
________________________________________ How
are they related? _____________________________ _
______________________________________________
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MUTATIONS
CHANGE
A MUTATION is any _________________ in copying
the DNA message. CHANGE WRONG
______________ A wrong base in the DNA gives the
cell the wrong __________________. If a cell has
the wrong message, the wrong type of
________________ is made. If the wrong protein is
made, the wrong ________________ may appear.
BASE PAIR
MESSAGE
PROTEIN
TRAIT
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CAUSES OF MUTATIONS

1. Simple copying mistakes during cell reproduction
2. A mutation causes a change in an offsprings
   traits only when it takes place in the
   ___________________ sex cells.
3. Chemicals
4. _______________
5. _______________
6. Radiation
7. _______________
8. _______________

PARENTS
NICOTINE
ASBESTOS
SUN
X-RAY
__________________ Any agent that can cause
alterations to DNA
MUTAGEN
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EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS
HELPFUL MUTATIONS
HARMFUL MUTATIONS
Any trait that interferes with the
______________________ and _________________ of
an organism.
Any trait that enhances an organisms ability
to______________________ and _________________
in its _____________________.
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCE
SURVIVAL
SURVIVE
ENVIRONMENT
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CLONING

• The term clone refers to organisms having
  ____________________
• Two clones are exact _______________ of each
  other.
• Same _______ Same __________ Same _________
• Examples of clones
• a. _________________ form from the splitting
  of _____ fertilized egg
• b. Clone organisms produced in
  ___________________

IDENTICAL DNA
copies
GENES
TRAITS
DNA
IDENTICAL TWINS
ONE
LABORATORY
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Cloning DNA
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Remove Body Cells
Dark Green Frog
Insert Nucleus from Dark frog into egg of Light
frog
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Remove Unfertilized Ovum
Destroy Nucleus
Light Green Frog
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What color frog do you get?
Dark Green
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Dolly