The War of 1812:

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The War of 1812Mr. Madisons WarThe Second
War for IndependenceOR ?

• EUGENIA LANGAN
• MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL
• HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA
• WITH THANKS TO TONY MILLER SUSAN POJER

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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TODAY WHAT WERE THE CAUSES
OF THE WAR OF 1812? WAS JAMES MADISON A STRICT
CONSTRUCTIONIST? WERE FEDERALISTS REALLY LIBERAL
CONSTRUCTIONISTS? BROAD HOW AND WHEN DID U.S.
NATIONALISM ARISE? WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?
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Frq prompt With respect to the federal
Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are
usually characterized as strict constructionists
who were opposed to the broad constructionism of
the Federalists. To what extent was this
characterization of the two parties accurate
during the presidencies of Jefferson and
Madison? Your OI must include All relevant
primary sources assigned all assigned readings
AND MY LECTURES/ PPS No internet crap
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• BACKGROUND/ REVIEW
• FROM 1807, NAPOLEONIC WARS PUT U.S. IN MIDDLE
  OF WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE (AGAIN!)
• 1807, BRITISH ORDERS IN COUNCIL ? NAPOLEONS
  EDICT OF MILAN ? BOTH ENGLISH AND FRANCE SEIZED
  U.S. MERCHANT SHIPS
• 1807 11 BRITAIN IMPRESSED gt 6,000 U.S. SEAMEN
• ALSO 1807, CHESAPEAKE-LEOPARD AFFAIR

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• 1807 JEFFERSONS EMBARGO ACT
• DEVASTATED U.S. ECONOMY IN THE SHORT RUN, BUT IN
  THE LONG RUN ? INDUSTRIALIZATION N.E., OHIO
• JEFFERSONS POLICIES ? HAMILTONS
• 1808 MADISON (D-R) ELECTED PRESIDENT, DESPITE
  UNPOPULARITY OF EMBARGO
• 1809 NON-INTERCOURSE ACT EMBARGO ONLY ON
  TRADE WITH BRITAIN AND FRANCE
• NEITHER BRITAIN NOR FRANCE CAPITULATED TO EITHER
  EMBARGO ACT OR NON-INTERCOURSE ACT

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• JAMES MADISON FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION,
  AUTHOR OF BILL OF RIGHTS , FEDERALIST PAPERS, AND
  VIRGINIA RESOLVES, SECRETARY OF STATE, FOURTH
  PRESIDENT
• IN THE VIRGINIA RESOLVES, MADISON ADVOCATED
  COMPACT THEORY AND STRICT CONSTRUCTION

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• MADISONS ECONOMIC POLICY
• SUPPORTED NON-INTERCOURSE ACT
• DID NOT SUPPORTED MACONS BILL NO. 2 LIFTED
  EMBARGO ENTIRELY BUT THREATENED TO RESTORE IT IF
  BRITAIN OR FRANCE DIDNT STOP SEIZING U.S. SHIPS
• NAPOLEONS PLOY ? MADISON RESTORED EMBARGO ON
  BRITAIN
• STRICT CONSTRUCTION?
• BRITAIN KEPT SEIZING U.S. SHIPS

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• PROVOCATIONS ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER (?)
• RECALL PONTIACS UPRISING, NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR
  REALLY ONE LONG WAR BETWEEN INDIANS IN N.W. AND
  WHITE INVADERS
• RECALL TREATY OF GREENVILLE 1795

EVERYTHING N.W. OF THIS LINE INDIAN TERRITORY
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BUT WESTWARD HO! WHITE FOLKS!
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• 1809 TREATY OF FORT WAYNE. WILLIAM HENRY
  HARRISON, GOVERNOR OF INDIANA TERRITORY INVITED
  SELECTED INDIAN
• CHIEFS TO FT. WAYNE TO SIGN TREATY CEDING 3
  MILLION ACRES TO U.S
• MADISON OPPOSED THIS!
• TECUMSEH, SHAWNEE GENERAL, AND HIS BROTHER
  TENKSWATAWA (THE PROPHET)
• TECUMSEH ALL INDIAN LANDS OWNED BY ALL TRIBES
  IN COMMON (JOSEPH BRANT)
• TENKSWATAWA INDIAN PURITAN URGED
  REJECTION OF WHITE CULTURE (INCLUDING XIANITY
  AND LIQUOR)

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• HARRISON, TECUMSEH AND TENSKWATAWA
• BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE, NOV. 7, 1811 WHO WON?

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• TECUMSEH ORGANIZED CONFEDERATION OF MOST
  TRIBES TO RESIST TREATY OF FT. WAYNE
• BRITAIN AIDED TECUMSEH (EXAMPLE HE WAS IN
  CANADA WHEN BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE OCCURRED)

• NEWS OF BATTLE ?
• ANGER AT BRITAIN FOR
• INSTIGATING INDIANS

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THE WAR LASTED UNTIL 1813 WESTERN FRONT IN WAR
OF 1812
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War Hawks

• A BRANCH OF THE D-R PARTY MADISON RESISTED
  THEM!
• ARGUED FOR WAR ON BEHALF OF FRONTIER PEOPLE IN
  DEFENSE OF U.S. SOVEREIGNTY

THE TWO TO REMEMBER HENRY CLAY (KY) AND JOHN C.
CALHOUN (S.C.)
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CLAY THE GREAT COMPROMISER 3 X SPEAKER OF
THE HOUSE, SECRETARY OF STATE, SENATOR
CALHOUN SENATOR, HOUSE MEMBER, VICE PRESIDENT,
SECRETARY OF WAR
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• THOMAS JEFFERSON, WAR HAWK?
• The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as
  the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter
  of marching, and will give us the experience for
  the attack on Halifax, the next and final
  expulsion of England from the American
  continent. JEFFERSON, 1812
• WAS U.S. EXPANSIONISM A/ THE MOTIVE FOR THE WAR?

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• THE HENRY LETTERS MADISON BOUGHT FOR 50,000
  -- WAS MADISON TRULY DECEIVED?
• JUNE 1, 1812 MADISON SPEECH TO CONGRESS LISTS
  GRIEVANCES AGAINST BRITAIN, INCLUDING HENRY
  LETTERS ?
• SAME DAY, CONGRESS DECLARED WAR ON GREAT BRITAIN
• FIRST TIME U.S. DECLARED WAR
• NARROWEST WAR VOTE IN U.S. HISTORY
• House 79-49, Senate 19-13
• NO FEDERALISTS VOTED FOR THE WAR
• BRITAIN HAD REVOKED ORDERS IN COUNCIL TWO DAYS
  EARLIER (HAD TAPERED OFF SEIZURES BEFORE

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ELECTION OF 1812
CANDIDATES P/ VP PARTY ELECTORAL VOTES ELECTORAL POPULAR
JAMES MADISON ELBRIDGE GERRY DR 128 58.9 50.4
DEWITT CLINTON JARED INGERSOLL FED 89 41.1 47.6
RUFUS KING FED 0 0 2
18 STATES ONE OHIO ELECTOR DIDNT VOTE IN
CONN., DEL., GA., N.Y., S.C. VT., ELECTORS WERE
STILL APPOINTED BY STATE LEGISLATURES
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• THE WAR -- JUNE 18, 1812 FEBRUARY 18, 1815
• U.S. UNPREPARED -- gt 30,000 REGULAR ARMY,
  MADISON PLANNED TO USE MOSTLY STATE MILITIAS
• NO DICE MILITIAS RELUCTANT TO FIGHT OUTSIDE
  OWN STATES, N.E. STATES (FEDERALISTS) WOULDNT
  SEND MILITIAS
• FIRST TWO CAMPAIGNS UNSUCCESSFUL INVASIONS OF
  CANADA (FROM MICHIGAN AND NEW YORK) SUMMER OF
  1812
• RESULT BRITISH TOOK DETROIT, CONTROL OF LAKE
  ERIE

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N.B. BRITAIN DIDNT TOTALLY CUT OFF NEW ENGLAND
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OVERVIEW ONLY CLEAR VICTORIES AGAINST INDIANS
IN N.W. AND SOUTH, AND AGAINST BRITISH ON LAKE
ERIE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS WAR BECAME
POINTLESS FOR BOTH SIDES BY 1815 BUT MANY
AMERICAN LEGENDS, AND U.S. NATIONALISM RESULT
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• SIGNIFICANT BATTLES WEST
• BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE AKA BATTLE OF PUT-IN BAY,
  SEPTEMBER 1813 U.S. NAVY, UNDER OLIVER HAZARD
  PERRY, TOOK CONTROL OF LAKE ERIE ENDED PROSPECT
  OF BRITISH INVASION IN N.W.

WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY AND HE IS OURS HIS
STANDARD WAS DONT GIVE UP THE SHIP DYING
WORDS OF CAPTAIN JAMES LAWRENCE OF THE CHESAPEAKE
CAPTURED BY BRITISH H.M.S. SHANNON OFF
NOVA SCOTIA, EARLIER IN 1813
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SAMPLER - LAWRENCE SENTIMENTAL HERO
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• BATTLE OF THE THAMES, OCTOBER 1813 WILLIAM
  HENRY HARRISON DEFINITELY DEFEATED TECUMSEH HERE

? NO MORE PROBLEMS WITH INDIANS IN N.W.!
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• SIGNIFICANT BATTLE ATLANTIC

JULY 1812 U.S.S. CONSTITUTION OLD IRONSIDES
DEFEATS AND BURNS H.M.S GUERRIERE
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• SIGNIFICANT BATTLES, CHESAPEAKE
• BATTLE OF BLADENSBURG, AUGUST, 1814 MILTIA
  COULDNT STOP BRITISH INVASION OF WASHINGTON ?
  SACK OF WASHINGTON, BURNING OF WHITE HOUSE

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FIRST LADY DOLLEY MADISON SAVED MANY WHITE HOUSE
VALUABLES, SUCH AS G. STUART PORTRAIT OF
WASHINGTON A HEROINE! AND SO WE HONOR HER BY
NAMING CHEAP SNACK CAKES AFTER HER
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• BATTLE OF BALTIMORE (FT. MC HENRY), AUGUST,
  1814 BOMBS BURSTING IN AIR INSPIRED FRANCIS
  SCOTT TO WRITE THE DEFENSE OF FT. MC HENRY

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SET TO THE TUNE OF THE ANACREONTIC SONG, IT
BECAME OUR NATIONAL ANTHEM IN 1931 And long may
the sons of Anacreon intwine the myrtle of Venus
with Bacchus' vine.
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BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG (LAKE CHAMPLAIN),
SEPTEMBER 1814 VICTORY UNDER COMMANDER THOMAS
MC DONOUGH ANOTHER HERO!
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• SIGNIFICANT BATTLES SOUTH
• BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND, MARCH 1814
• REALLY A SEPARATE WAR WITH CREEKS
• GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON DEFEATED CREEK RED
  STICKS - INSPIRED BY TECUMSEH
• TREATY OF FORT JACKSON CREEKS CEDED THEIR
  LANDS IN ALABAMA AND GEORGIA

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JACKSON ACCEPTING SURRENDER OF CREEK GENERAL
WILLIAM WEATHERFORD
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(No Transcript)
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• BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, JANUARY 1815
• TREATY OF GHENT, ENDING WAR, HAD BEEN SIGNED
  DECEMBER 23, 1814 BUT NEWS HADNT REACHED
  AMERICA
• TROOPS UNDER JACKSON DEFEATED BRITISH SIEGE OF
  NEW ORLEANS
• IN FACT, A SMALL BATTLE (ONLY 4,000 BRITISH
  SAILORS AND MARINES INVOLVED)
• BUT JACKSONS PR gt 25,000 BRITISH TROOPS

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THE HERO OF NEW ORLEANS
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JACKSON SQUARE, NEW ORLEANS
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• POLITICS THE HARTFORD CONVENTION, DECEMBER
  1814 JANUARY 1815
• NEW ENGLAND FEDERALISTS CONSIDERED SECESSION
  OPPOSED TO MR. MADISONS WAR AND EMBARGO

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• HARTFORD CONVENTION OFFICIAL PROPOSALS INCLUDED
• REPEAL 3/5 CLAUSE (REDUCE SOUTHERN
  REPRESENTATION IN HOUSE OF REP.)
• NO SUCCESSIVE PRESIDENTS FROM SAME STATE (BREAK
  VIRGINIA DYNASTY)
• NO MORE EMBARGOES
• ALAS FOR THE FEDERALISTS, NEWS OF JACKSONS
  MAJOR VICTORY AT NEW ORLEANS (AND TREATY ENDING
  WAR ? ENORMOUS POPULAR ENTHUSIASM FOR THE WAR

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FEDERALIST PARTY DISCREDITED
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• EFFECTS OF WAR OF 1812
• 2260 battle deaths, 4,505 wounded
• OUR CAPITAL IN RUINS
• U.S. TREASURY DEPLETED
• NO TERRITORY GAINED FROM BRITAIN
• BUT . . .

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• POPULAR PERCEPTION WE WON A WAR AGAINST
  GREAT BRITAIN SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

• U.S. IDENTITY AND NATIONALISM
• FEDERALIST PARTY DONE NO MORE LINGERING
  LOYALTIES TO BRITAIN

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• NATIONALISM
• HEROES AND HEROINES, LEGENDS, MYTHS
• TWO HEROS ? PRESIDENTS JACKSON WILLIAM
  HENRY HARRISON
• NATIONAL ANTHEM