Cycles of Matter

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Cycles of Matter

• Unlike the one-way flow of energy,
• matter is ______________

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Cycles of Matter

• Unlike the one-way flow of energy,
• matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.

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Cycles of Matter

• Biogeochemical cycles

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Cycles of Matter

• Biogeochemical cycles
• Process in which elements, chemical compounds,
  and other forms of matter passed from one
  organism to another and from one part of the
  biosphere to another

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Cycles of Matter

• Biogeochemical cycles
• Biological
• Geological
• Chemical
• Cycles are all connected

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The Water Cycle

• Evaporation -

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The Water Cycle

• Evaporation process by which water changes from
  liquid form to an atmospheric gas

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The Water Cycle

• Evaporation process by which water changes from
  liquid form to an atmospheric gas
• Transpiration -

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The Water Cycle

• Evaporation process by which water changes from
  liquid form to an atmospheric gas
• Transpiration process of water evaporating from
  the leaves of plants

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The Water Cycle

• Evaporation and transpiration occur

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The Water Cycle

• Evaporation and transpiration occur
• Sun heats the atmosphere
• Warm air rises, and eventually cools

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The Water Cycle

• 1. Evaporation Sun heats the atmosphere causing
  warm moist air to rise
• 2. Transporation Heat from the sun causes plants
  to sweat and lose water through stomata into
  the atmosphere.

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The Water Cycle

• 3. Condensation Moist warm air will cool the
  higher it rises which causes water vapor to
  condense and forms clouds

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The Water Cycle

• 4. Precipitation When enough water condenses it
  will form droplets which will return to Earths
  surface in form of precipitation rain, snow,
  sleet, or hail

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The Water Cycle

• 5. Runoff On land, water runs along surface
  until it enters streams, rivers, lakes or the
  ocean

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The Water Cycle

• 6. Seepage Some water also seeps into soil and
  becomes ground water and some of this water can
  be soaked up through the roots of plants.

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The Water Cycle

• water cycle continue both day night.

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Nutrient Cycles
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Nutrient Cycles

• Benefits -

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Nutrient Cycles

• Benefits
• Every organism needs nutrients to build tissues
  and carry out essential life functions

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Nutrient Cycles

• Benefits
• 1. Every organism needs nutrients to build
  tissues and carry out essential life functions
• a. Like water, nutrients are passed between
  organisms and the environment through
  biogeochemical processes

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Nutrient Cycles

• Benefits
• 2. In many ecosystems, nutrients are in short
  supply
• Thus recycling nutrients is essential for the
  ecosystem to keep functioning

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Nutrient Cycles

• Benefits
• 3. Prevents many chemicals from reaching
  concentrations that would otherwise be toxic or
  harmful to organisms

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Nutrient Cycles

• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in
  the biosphere

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Nutrient Cycles

• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in
  the biosphere
• The carbon cycle

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Nutrient Cycles

• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in
  the biosphere
• The carbon cycle
• The nitrogen cycle

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Nutrient Cycles

• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in
  the biosphere
• The carbon cycle
• The nitrogen cycle
• The phosphorus cycle

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The Carbon Cycle

• There are four different kinds of processes
  involved in the carbon cycle

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The Carbon Cycle

• There are four different kinds of processes
  involved in the carbon cycle
• 1. Biological processes -

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The Carbon Cycle

• There are four different kinds of processes
  involved in the carbon cycle
• 1. Biological processes photosynthesis,
  respiration, and decomposition of plants and
  animals

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The Carbon Cycle

• There are four different kinds of processes
  involved in the carbon cycle
• 2. Geochemical processes release of carbon
  dioxide to atmosphere by volcanoes

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The Carbon Cycle

• There are four different kinds of processes
  involved in the carbon cycle
• 3. Mixed biogeochemical processes burial of
  carbon-rich remains of organisms and their
  conversion into fossil fuels (coal and petroleum)
  by the pressure of overlying earth

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The Carbon Cycle

• There are four different kinds of processes
  involved in the carbon cycle
• 4. Human activity including mining, the burning
  of fossil fuels, and the cutting and burning of
  forests

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The Carbon Cycle

• In the atmosphere, carbon is present as carbon
  dioxide.

CO2
CO2
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The Carbon Cycle

• 5. In the atmosphere, carbon is present as carbon
  dioxide.
• a. This carbon dioxide came from
• 1. Volcanic activity
• 2. Respiration
• 3. Burning of fossil fuels
• 4. Decomposition of organic matter

CO2
CO2
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The Carbon Cycle

• Plants take in carbon dioxide

CO2
CO2
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The Carbon Cycle

• 6. Plants take in carbon dioxide
• a. The carbon is used to build carbohydrates
  during photosynthesis

CO2
CO2
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The Carbon Cycle

• 7. The carbohydrates are passed along food webs
  to animals and other consumers

CO2
CO2
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The Carbon Cycle

• 8. In the ocean organisms use carbon to make
  calcium carbonate

CO2
CO2
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The Carbon Cycle

• 8. In the ocean organisms use carbon to make
  calcium carbonate
• a. This calcium carbonate accumulates in marine
  sediments and in the bones and shells of
  organisms

CO2
CO2
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The Carbon Cycle

• b. These calcium carbonate compounds eventually
  break down and the carbon returns to the
  atmosphere

CO2
CO2
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The Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen fixation -

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The Nitrogen Cycle

• 1. Nitrogen fixation process where nitrogen gas
  is converted to ammonia by bacteria found in
  roots of plants called legumes

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The Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen required to make amino acids, which are
  used to build proteins.

N2
NO3- NO2-
NH3
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The Nitrogen Cycle

• 2. Nitrogen required to make amino acids, which
  are used to build proteins.
• 3. When organisms die, decomposers return
  nitrogen to the soil as ammonia

N2
NO3- NO2-
NH3
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The Nitrogen Cycle

• 4. nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78 of atmosphere

N2
NO3- NO2-
NH3
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The Nitrogen Cycle

• 4. nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78 of atmosphere
• 5. Through nitrogen fixation, nitrogen gas
  converted to ammonia

N2
NO3- NO2-
NH3
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The Nitrogen Cycle

• Ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3-), and nitrite
  ions(NO2-) are found in wastes produced by
  organisms

N2
NO3- NO2-
NH3
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The Nitrogen Cycle

• 6. Ammonia (NH3), nitrate ions (NO3-), and
  nitrite ions(NO2-) are found in wastes produced
  by organisms
• 7. These compounds taken up by producers to make
  proteins

N2
NO3- NO2-
NH3
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The Nitrogen Cycle

• 8. Soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen
  gas in process called denitrification

N2
NO3- NO2-
NH3
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The Phosphorous Cycle

• 1. Important to living organisms because it forms
  part of DNA and RNA
• 2. Not very common in biosphere

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The Phosphorous Cycle

• 3. Does not enter atmosphere
• a. Instead it remains mostly on land in rock and
  soil minerals, and in ocean sediments
• b. As rocks wear down, phosphate is released
• c. It is released into streams and rivers and
  eventually makes its way to the ocean and is used
  by marine organisms
• d. On land it is absorbed by plants and passes up
  through the food chain

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Nutrient Limitation

• E. Primary productivity rate at which organic
  matter is created by producers.

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Nutrient Limitation

• F. Limiting nutrient single nutrient that
  either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting
  the growth of organisms in an ecosystem

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Nutrient Limitation

• Limiting nutrient single nutrient that either
  is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the
  growth of organisms in an ecosystem
• Examples
• farmers add fertilizers that contain nitrogen,
  phosphorus, and potassium to their crops

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Nutrient Limitation

• Limiting nutrient single nutrient that either
  is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the
  growth of organisms in an ecosystem
• Examples
• farmers add fertilizers that contain nitrogen,
  phosphorus, and potassium to their crops
• In freshwater aquatic environment, phosphorus is
  usually the limiting nutrient

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Nutrient limitation

• G. Algal bloom immediate increase in the amount
  of algae and other producers that results from a
  large input of a limiting nutrient
• 1. Often results when runoff from heavily
  fertilized fields increases amount of limiting
  nutrient