Behind

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Behind the Civil War

NCSCOS Goal 3
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War Begins

-Election of 1860 Lincoln Elected -Secession of
lower states SC, AL, GA, LA, TX, MS,
FL -Confederate States of America -Firing on Ft.
Sumter US fort in SC, CSA fires after Lincoln
tries to resupply fort Lincoln calls for troops
from all states in the Union -Virginia Secedes
followed by Ark., NC, and Tenn. -11 States Leave
Union

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Modern War
-Uses both old and new methods of war -Cavalry,
Muzzle Rifles, Battlefield Formations -
Railroads, telegraph, drafts, submarines, armored
ships, observation balloons First Ironclads
Monitor (US) and Merrimac (CS) Meet at sea and
Monitor wins

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March 9th, 1862, the Monitor and the Merrimack
met in a battle off the coast of Virginia. After
several hours of fighting, the Merrimack withdrew
with neither ship suffering much damage.
Eventually, the South blew up the Merrimack to
keep it from falling into enemy hands, and the
Monitor sank during a storm. While the two ships
met only once, their battle marked a new ear in
US naval war.
Smoke Stake from the CSS Virginia


The wreck of the famous Civil War ship, the USS
Monitor, lies 230 feet below the surface of the
ocean, off the coast of North Carolina, in the
Monitor National Marine Sanctuary.
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Strategy-Union

-Constrictor / Anaconda Plan developed by
Winfield Scott - Divide the south through the
Mississippi and control access to its
ports Three Parts 1) Control Mississippi River
(cuts CSA in half) 2) Blockade the South 3)
Capture Richmond (CSA capital)



General Winfield Scott Founder of Anaconda Plan
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Strategy-Confederacy

- Defensive battle Prepare and wait Works well
for South for the first two years of the
war Every time Lee tries to go on offensive, he
loses -European recognition Want help from
Britain and France The only thing that is
keeping them from joining for South is SLAVERY
Confederate Goal To Protect Richmond Seen Above
in a Period Drawing

Sir Arthur Fremantle A British Soldier observing
the Confederacy during the Battle of Gettysburg

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Advantages-Union


-Most of the population -Large advantages in
resources More supplies, more railroads, more
telegraph lines -Most of the transportation and
industry

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Advantages-Confederacy
General Robert E. Lee Overall Commander of
Confederate Army 2nd in class at West Point
without any demerits Offered command of Union
Army, but declined due to loyalty to Virginia

-Defending their homes -Strong sectional
pride - Better military tradition and
leadership - Better trained generals (Lee,
Jackson, Longstreet, Stuart)

LT. General Stonewall Jackson Considered by many
historians to be the most gifted tactical
commander of the Civil War

Lt. General James Longstreet Lees Second in
Command 54th of 56th in class at West
Point Developed Idea of Trench Warfare
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Government Powers

• Both sides had to increase central government
  powers
• - Raise an army
• Drafts
• New York Draft Riots
• -Supply armies
• Take food at expense of citizens South suffers
  most
• -Finance the war
• Collect taxes
• -Suppress any opposition
• - Copperheads
• Northern Democrats who oppose
• the war

Immigrants in New York riot against the draft,
killing as many as 300 free blacks.

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Your letter shows you to be a cowardly traitor.
No traitor can be my friend if you cannot
renounce your allegiance to the Copperhead
scoundrels and own your allegiance to the
Government which has always protected you, you
are my enemy, and I wish you were in the ranks of
my open, avowed, and manly enemies, that I might
put a ball through your black heart, and send
your soul to the Arch Rebel himself. A Union
Soldier in Response to a Copperhead Friend
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Raising Armies

Bounty Jumpers were men that enlisted in the
Union army during the Civil War only to collect
a bounty and then leave. Bounty jumpers commonly
enlisted numerous times in the army, collecting
many bounties
-Northern Advantage -Volunteers at
first -Drafts begin -riots -bounties paid
Money paid to soldiers to fight shopped
around for highest bounties before
joining -substitution possible -many volunteers
A Draftee could gain an exemption by paying a fee
of 300 or by hiring a substitute. The obvious
inequity of this provision prompted the cry of
"rich man's war, but poor man's fight."

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Supplying Armies

-Northern Advantage -Industrial Capacity Some
Northern merchants were profiteers -Transportation
Capabilities -Financial Centers -Foraging the
land South had to search for food -Shortages Bre
ad lines in South

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War Politics

The whole of the laws which I was sworn to
execute were being resisted...in nearly one-third
of the states. Must I have allowed them to
finally fail of execution?... Are all the laws
but one, the writ of habeas corpus, to go
unexecuted, and the government itself...go to
pieces, lest that one be violated? Abraham
Lincoln
-War to Preserve Union Lincolns official
stance -Civil rights were restricted Habeas
Corpus Suspended Lincoln would put people in
jail without proper trial if seen as
enemies of Union -Emancipation Debated Needed
higher cause (Would also keep South from
getting foreign help) -Emancipation Proclamation
Jan. 1, 1863 Only frees slaves in states of
rebellion

Accused Confederate spy, Rose Greenhow, and her
daughter in Old Capitol Prison in Washington. She
was held there from 1861-1862. She drowned when a
blockade runner she traveled on ran aground off
the coast of NC. She drowned with 2,000.00
worth of gold for the Confederate Treasury sewn
into her dress.
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• My paramount objective in this struggle is to
  save the Union, and is not either to save or
  destroy slavery. If I could save the Union
  without freeing any slave, I would do it and if
  I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I
  would do it
• Abraham Lincoln

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Others in the War

Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts
-African Americans Segregated Forces 54th
Massachusetts Unit of African Americans Most
killed at Fort Wagner -Women Nursing Clara
Barton Founder of the Red Cross
The only regiment I ever looked upon during the
war was the 54th Massachusetts on its departure
for the South. I can never forget the scene as
Colonel Shaw rode at the head of his men. The
very flower of grace and chivalry, he seemed to
me beautiful and awful, as an angel of God come
down to lead the host of freedom to victory."
John Greenleaf Whittier
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Canada in the Civil War

• Opposed to slavery but ended up supporting the
  South
• Underground Railroad
• Important terminal to find freedom
• Trent Affair
• Two British diplomats were taken off the ship GB
  sent troops Lincoln released the prisoners
• St. Albans Raid
• Montreal was used as a secret base for
  Confederates they robbed 3 banks in Vermont,
  killed a citizen, and crossed back to Canada with
  170,000 judge ruled to not send them back to
  the US

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Canada in the Civil War

• Chesapeake Affair
• Canadian sympathizers captured a Union ship the
  Chesapeake
• They wanted to turn it into a Confederate
  blockade runner
• Union armies tried to arrest the captures in
  Canadian waters (Canada was neutral)
• The capturers eventually escaped

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Canada in the Civil War

• Canadian born Edward P. Doherty was a Union Army
  officer who formed and led the detachment of
  Union soldiers that captured and killed John
  Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Lincoln, in a
  Virginia barn on April 26, 1865, twelve days
  after Lincoln was fatally shot.
• Canadian born Sarah Emma Edmonds was a noted
  Union spy.
• At least 29 Canadian-born men were awarded the
  Medal of Honor.

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I think ones feelings are wasted in words, they
ought all to be distilled into actions which
bring results. Florence Nightingale
I may be compelled to face danger, but never
fear it, and while our soldiers can stand and
fight, I can stand and feed and nurse
them. Clara Barton

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Soldiers Lives

-Disillusionment of war desertion rate increases
(especially in South) -Filthy conditions -Poor
food -Bad medical care 1 out of 4 Civil War
soldiers died Mostly from diseases -Prison
camps Andersonville Confederate prison
camp CSA could not feed own men Warden later
hanged for war crimes

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Union soldier on his release from Andersonville
in May, 1865


Andersonville, located in Georgia, was the
largest of the camps established during the Civil
War. During the fourteen months it existed, more
than 45,000 Union soldiers were confined there.
Of these, almost 13,000 died from disease, poor
sanitation, malnutrition, overcrowding, or
exposure to the elements. Handicapped by
deteriorating economic conditions, an inadequate
transportation system, and the need to
concentrate all available resources on its army,
the Confederate government was unable to provide
adequate housing, food, clothing, and medical
care to their captives.