The Nervous System

1
The Nervous System

• Anatomy and Physiology Flash Cards

2
Directions

• The first slide asks a question.
• The second slide answers the question.
• Use these slides like flash cards to test your
  core knowledge.

3
Question

• Name the divisions of the nervous system.

4
Answer

• CNS (central nervous system)
• PNS (peripheral nervous system)
• ANS (autonomic nervous system)
• Somatic (voluntary)
• Sympathetic
• Parasympathetic

5
Question

• Name the organs of the nervous system.

6
Answer

• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Nerves
• Specialized sense organs
• Microscopic sense organs

7
Question

• What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed
  of?

8
Answer

• The brain and spinal cord

9
Question

• What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  composed of?

10
Answer

• The nerves that extend to outlying parts of the
  body.

11
Question

• Describe the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

12
Answer

• A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system
  (PNS) that consists of structures that regulate
  the bodys automatic or involuntary functions
  (heart rate, stomach and intestinal contractions,
  and gland secretions)

13
Question

• Name the two types of cells found in the nervous
  system.

14
Answer

1. Neurons
2. Glia

15
Question

• Neurons are nerve cells and they consist of three
  parts. What are the three parts of a neuron?

16
Answer

1. The main part is called the cell body.
2. One or more branching projections are called
   dendrites.
3. One elongated projection is called the axon.

17
Question

• What are the functions of each part of the neuron?

18
Answer

• Dendrites conducts impulses to the cell body.
• Cell body is the main part.
• Axon conducts impulses away from the cell body.

19
Question

• Axons are either myelinated or unmyelinated. What
  is myelin?

20
Answer

• Myelin is a white fatty substance formed by
  Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in
  the CNS.

21
Question

• The indentations between Schwann cells in the PNS
  are called ______.

22
Answer

• Nodes of Ranvier

23
Question

• The outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell is
  called ______.

24
Answer

• Neurilemma

25
Question

• Glia is one of the two types of cells in the
  nervous system. Glia have several functions
  including holding the functioning neurons
  together, protecting them, and regulating neuron
  function. Glia cells vary in shape and size.
  Can you name the three main types of support
  cells in the central nervous system and provide a
  short description of each?

26
Answer

1. Astrocytes Star shaped cells with threadlike
   branches, anchor blood vessels to neurons, and
   support the blood brain barrier.
2. Microglia Usually remain stationary until
   inflammation or deterioration occurs, then they
   enlarge and begin the process of phagocytosis.
3. Oligodendrocytes Produce the myelin sheath that
   wraps nerve fibers in the CNS.

27
Question

• Name the three nerve coverings and what each
  covers.

28
Answer

• Endoneurium Surrounds the individual fibers
  within a nerve.
• Perineurium Surrounds a group (fascicle) of
  nerve fibers.
• Epineurium Surrounds the entire nerve.

29
Question

• True or False?
• Only neurons can provide the rapid communication
  between cells that is necessary for maintaining
  life.

30
Answer

• True

31
Question

• Another term for nerve impulse is ______.

32
Answer

• Action potential

33
Question

• A specialized type of neuron pathway is called a
  ______.

34
Answer

• Reflex arc

35
Question

• The simplest kind of reflex arc is ______.

36
Answer

• Two-neuron reflex arc (sensory
  neuron and motor neuron)

37
Question

• What neurons are included in a three-neuron
  reflex arc?

38
Answer

• Sensory neurons
• Interneurons
• Motor neurons

39
Question

• The knee jerk or patella reflex is an example
  of a ______ neuron reflex.

40
Answer

• Two

41
Question

• Receptors are at the beginning of the dendrites
  of ______ neurons.

42
Answer

• Sensory

43
Question

• Describe the term ganglion.

44
Answer

• A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS.

45
Question

• What is the definition of a nerve impulse?

46
Answer

• A self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance
  that travels along the surface of a neuron
  membrane.

47
Question

• The microscopic space that separates the axon
  ending of one neuron from the dendrites of the
  next neuron is called a ______.

48
Answer

• Synapse

49
Question

• What is saltatory conduction?

50
Answer

• As the traveling nerve impulse comes in contact
  with myelin sections, it jumps over the myelin to
  the indentations called Nodes of Ranvier.

51
Question

• When the traveling impulse jumps from one neuron
  to the next it crosses over a ______.

52
Answer

• Synapse

53
Question

• Name a type of three-neuron reflex arc?

54
Answer

• Withdrawal reflex

55
Question

• What are the three structures that make up a
  synapse?

56
Answer

1. Synaptic Knob
2. Synaptic Cleft
3. Plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron

57
Question

• The synaptic knob contains small sacs or
  vesicles. Each sac or vesicles contains a
  chemical compound called ______.

58
Answer

• Neurotransmitters

59
Question

• What is a neurotransmitter?

60
Answer

• Chemicals used by neurons to communicate.
  Released by the presynaptic neurons to assist,
  stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic neurons. At
  least thirty different compounds have been
  identified as neurotransmitters.

61
Question

• Detail the process of a neurotransmitter release
  through to its termination.

62
Answer

• The vesicles of the synaptic knob of a
  preganglionic neurons axon release the
  neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter crosses
  the synaptic cleft.
• The neurotransmitter is received by the receptor
  site on the cell membrane of the postsynaptic
  neurons dendrites.
• What is not used or needed will diffuse back into
  the synaptic knob or will be absorbed by the
  body.

63
Question

• What is acetylcholine?

64
Answer

• A neurotransmitter abbreviated as ACH and
  released at the neuromuscular junction as well as
  all autonomic ganglia.

65
Question

• Describe catecholamines and name three types of
  this neurotransmitter.

66
Answer

• Catecholamines play a role in sleep, motor
  function, mood and pleasure recognition.
• Three catecholamines are
• Norepinephrine
• Serotonin
• Dopamine

67
Question

• Name two morphine-like neurotransmitters.

68
Answer

1. Endorphins
2. Enkephalins

69
Question

• What neurotransmitters ay be released in response
  to pain or injury?

70
Answer

• Endorphins and enkephalins

71
Question

• The central nervous system has two main
  structures the brain and the spinal cord. In
  addition to the brain being protected by the
  cranial cavity and the spinal cord surrounded in
  the spinal cavity by the vertebral column for its
  protection, both are covered by protective
  membranes called ______.

72
Answer

• Meninges

73
Question

• Name the divisions of the brainstem from inferior
  to superior.

74
Answer

• Medulla Oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain

75
Question

• From the brain stem, moving superiorly, name the
  next parts of the brain.

76
Answer

• Diencephalon
• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus

77
Question

• Which part of the diencephalon controls the
  hormone secretion for the pituitary gland?

78
Answer

• Hypothalamus

79
Question

• What is the second largest part of the human
  brain?

80
Answer

• Cerebellum

81
Question

• What is the name of the largest part of the
  brain?

82
Answer

• Cerebrum

83
Question

• Which part of the brain helps control muscle
  contractions by producing coordinated movements
  so we can move smoothly and maintain our balance
  with normal posture?

84
Answer

• Cerebellum

85
Question

• Name the four lobes of the cerebrum.

86
Answer

• Frontal
• Temporal
• Parietal
• Occipital

87
Question

• What is the name of the structure that separates
  and allows the brain hemispheres to communicate?

88
Answer

• Corpus collosum

89
Question

• Which lobe of the cerebrum controls movement?

90
Answer

• Frontal lobe

91
Question

• Name the shallow grooves in the cerebrum.

92
Answer

• Sulcigrooves

93
Question

• Where is the motor speech area called Brocas
  area located?

94
Answer

• Frontal lobe

95
Question

• Which part of the brainstem contains the vital
  centers?

96
Answer

• Medulla oblongata

97
Question

• Name the part of the brain responsible for
  regulating sleep cycle, water balance, and that
  produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

98
Answer

• Hypothalamus

99
Question

• The spinal cord has inner and outer parts. Which
  part is composed of white matter made up of
  bundles of axons called tracts?

100
Answer

• The outer part of the spinal cord.

101
Question

• What is CSF?

102
Answer

• Cerebrospinal fluida clear fluid that nourishes
  and protects the brain and spinal cord as well as
  fills the ventricles in the brain.

103
Question

• Name the three layers of the tough,
  fluid-containing membranes known as meninges that
  protect the brain and spinal cord, from
  superficial to deep.

104
Answer

• Dura mater (tough mother)
• Arachnoid (cobweb-like)
• Pia mater (soft mother)

105
Question

• The structure associated with the ventricles and
  contributes to the formation of CSF is ______.

106
Answer

• Choroid plexus

107
Question

• How many pair of cranial nerves are in the human
  body?

108
Answer

• Twelve pair

109
Question

• Name the cranial nerves.

110
Answer

• I. Olfactory
• II. Optic
• III. Oculomotor
• IV. Trochlear
• V. Trigeminal
• VI. Abducens

• VII. Facial
• VIII. Vestibulocochlear
• IX. Glossopharyngeal
• X. Vagus
• XI. Accessory
• XII. Hypoglossal

111
Question

• How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the human
  body?

112
Answer

• Thirty-one pairs

113
Question

• Skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal
  nerve are called ______.

114
Answer

• Dermatomes

115
Question

• What are the paths of the white matter tracts?

116
Answer

• Sensory tracts
• Peripheral nerves to the brain
• Motor tracts
• Brain to peripheral nerves

117
Question

• Our spinal nerves conduct impulses necessary for
  us to experience sensations as well as voluntary
  movements, explaining their structure of the
  dendrites of sensory neurons and the ______ of
  ______.

118
Answer

• Axons of motor neurons

119
Question

• What is known as the fight or flight system?

120
Answer

• Sympathetic or thoracolumbar system

121
Question

• What are the three types of tissues the ANS
  controls?

122
Answer

• Cardiac
• Smooth
• Glandular (epithelial)

123
Question

• Name the neurotransmitter released by sympathetic
  postganglionic axons.

124
Answer

• Norepinephrine

125
Question

• Which branch of the ANS dominates control of
  visceral effectors in normal everyday conditions?

126
Answer

• Parasympathetic system

127
Question

• Where will you find a sensory cell body?

128
Answer

• In the dorsal horn or posterior root ganglion.

129
Question

• What are cholinergic fibers?

130
Answer

• Sympathetic pre and post ganglionic axons and the
  parasympathetic postganglionic axon classify as
  cholinergic fibers because they release ACH from
  their terminals at the synapse.

131
Question

• What fibers are considered adrenergic?

132
Answer

• Only the axon of a sympathetic postganglionic
  neuron releases the neurotransmitter
  norepinephrine in sympathetic response to
  visceral receptors.

133
Question

• What is another name for the limbic system?

134
Answer

• The emotional brain

135
Question

• What is the autonomic nervous systems job as a
  whole?

136
Answer

• To regulate the bodys automatic functions that
  will bring about or restore homeostasis.