PA 481 C

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Introduction
The nature of the body is the beginning of
medical science. Hippocrates 350 B.C.E

• PA 481 C
• Clinical Anatomy Physiology
• Dr. Tony Serino

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Anatomy Physiology

• Anatomy study of body structures and their
  relationships
• Physiology study of body mechanisms (homeostasis)

• Andreas Vesaliuss De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On
  the Fabric of the Human Body) 1543 AD was the
  founding work on which Anatomy is based

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Types of Anatomy

• Regional Anatomy study of body structure by
  focusing on a specific part, region, or subregion
  including all of its systemic features. Useful
  for
• Understanding 3D arrangements of structures
• Layers of the body
• The relationships among its structures
• Surface Anatomy study of body surface,
  referencing what lies beneath
• Useful for visualization of internal anatomy
• Used in medical diagnosis (palpation) and
  treatment
• Systemic Anatomy study of body structure
  focusing on organ systems
• The way most undergrad anatomy is taught

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Systems and related Medical Field

• Integumentary Dermatology
• Skeletal Osteology
• Joints Arthrology
• Muscular Mycology
• Nervous Neurology
• Circulation Angiology
• Heart Cardiology
• Digestion Gastroenterology
• Respiratory Pulmonology
• Urinary Urology
• Reproductive Gynecology (female), Andrology
  (male)
• Endocrine Endocrinology

Orthropedics
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Body Plan

• Tube within a tube
• Internal vs. External environment
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord

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Body Cavities spaces within internal environment
(Peritoneal cavity)
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Serous Membranes Mesenteries

• Mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) lining
  the body cavities (parietal) and their organs
  (visceral)
• Each membrane is named for the cavity it lines
• Form double membranes which suspend organs within
  cavities
• True mesenteries connect the body wall to the
  organ
• Ligaments connect organ to organ

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Visceral vs. Parietal
Parietal membrane
Body Cavity filled with serous fluid
Visceral membrane
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Pericardium
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Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Visceral Pleura
Pleural cavity
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Peritoneum
Visceral Peritoneum
Peritonealcavity
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Body Plan

• Tube within a tube
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord

Body Planes
Anatomical Position
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Body Plan

• Tube within a tube
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord

Anatomical directions.
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Anatomical Variation
Things one never wants to hear in the OR.

• Anatomy described here represents 70 of the
  population
• Expect variation in specimens
• Veins vary most, arteries and nerves the least.

Ooops! Didnt expect this in the abdomen.
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Homeostasis

• Maintenance of a constant internal environment
• Uses a reflex arc to self regulate
• Reflex functions to maintain a certain set point
  with a narrow physiological range

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Set Point and Range
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Factors Affecting Homeostasis

• Feedback negative or positive
• Feed-forward regulation
• Acclimatization
• Biorhythms

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Body Fluids
Transcellular fluids are filtrates of the plasma
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Important Ions
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Systems Overview

• Next few lectures will deal with anatomy and
  physiology that is represented throughout most
  regions of the body.
• Systems include Integument, Skeletal, Muscular,
  Vessels (CV and Lymphatic), and Nervous Systems