Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology

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Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology

• Dr. Dev Anand (Dr. Dev is ok?)
• If a dog jumps in your lap, it is because he is
  fond of you but if a cat does the same thing, it
  is because your lap is warmer."
• Alfred North Whitehead
• .

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Welcome to AP

• In this course we will learn about the anatomy
  and physiology of many domestic animals and even
  learn a little about ourselves in the process.
• This is a very fast paced and challenging course.
• We move very quickly so DO NOT be afraid to ask
  questions or seek help if you feel you need it.

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My contact information

• www.engrade.com
• You can send me a message
• You can check your grades
• You can monitor your attendane
• Powerpoints are available at
• www.drdevanand.yolasite.com
• Advisement Hours
• Monday 1120-1200 p.m.
• Tuesday 245 -315 p.m.
• Thursday 1120-1200 p.m.
• Other times by appointment only

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Class Rules

• No food or drinks are allowed on the 2nd floor
  w/ the exception of bottled water
• Please keep conversations to a minimum
• Please limit the number of times you leave in the
  middle of class
• No sleeping
• Be respectful of your classmates
• No negative or disrespectful comments
• Wear the appropriate VTI uniform
• No cell phone use in class

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Absences Make-up Work

• See attached VTI attendance policy sheet
• You are allowed 2 absences for unexpected
  situations. Beyond 2 absences, your grade will be
  affected.
• Grades will be determined by tests. There may be
  opportunity for additional grades through
  projects and/or quizzes.
• Make-up tests will be given only in extenuating
  circumstances! In addition, there will be a 15
  deduction. The highest score on a make-up test
  will be an 85

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CHAPTER 1

• Introduction to Anatomy Physiology

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• All the parts of an animals body are simply like
  components to a machine.
• These components include
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Systems
• As future RVTs it is your responsibility to
  adequately understand this machine and how it
  works in order to effectively care for it.
• We must be able to differentiate normal from
  abnormal.

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy-deals with the form and structure of the
  body and its parts.
• What it looks like and where it is located
• Physiology- deals with the function of the body
  and its parts.
• How things work and what they do

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Types of Anatomy

• Microscopic Anatomy- anatomy of structures so
  small that a microscope is required to view them
  clearly.
• Macroscopic Anatomy (Gross Anatomy)- anatomy that
  deals with body parts large enough to be seen
  with the unaided eye such as organs, muscles and
  bones.
• Regional Anatomy- study of individual areas or
  regions of the body.
• Systemic Anatomy- study of individual systems of
  the body.
• There may be overlap in some of these areas.

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Main Body Systems

• Skeletal- bones and joints.
• Integumentary- skin, hair, nails and hooves.
• Nervous- Central Nervous System (CNS) and
  peripheral nerves.
• Cardiovascular-heart and blood vessels.
• Respiratory- lungs and air passageways.
• Digestive- Gastrointestinal (GI) tube and
  accessory digestive organs.
• Muscular- Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
• Sensory- Organs of general and special sense
• Endocrine-Endocrine glands and hormones
• Urinary-Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
  urethra.
• Reproductive-Male and female reproductive
  structures.

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Terminology

• Why do we need specific anatomical terminology?
• Anatomical terms are based on imaginary slices,
  called planes through the animal body that can be
  used as points or areas of reference.
• Anatomical terms are also based on directional
  terms that have opposite meanings of one another.

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Anatomical Planes of Reference

• Four anatomical planes of reference
• 1. Sagittal plane- a plane that runs the length
  of the body and divides it into left and right
  parts that are not necessarily equal halves.
• 2. Median plane (midsaggital plane)- a special
  type of sagittal plane that runs down the center
  of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal
  left and right halves.
• 3. Transverse plane- A plane across the body that
  divides it into cranial (head-end) and caudal
  (tail-end) parts that are not necessarily equal.
• 4. Dorsal plane- A plane at right angles to the
  sagittal and transverse planes. It divides the
  body into dorsal (toward the back) and ventral
  (toward the belly) parts that are not necessarily
  equal.

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Directional Terms

• Help to accurately and clearly describe body
  structures regardless of position of animals
  body.
• Terms generally occur in pairs and have opposite
  meanings and are used to describe relative
  positions of body parts.

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Directional Terms
Direction Individuals left Individuals right Toward the head end of the body Toward the tip of the nose (head only) Toward the tail end of the body Toward the back Toward the belly Toward the median plane Away from the median plane Toward the center (whole body or part) Toward the surface (whole body or part) Toward the body (extremity) Away from the body (extremity) Back of forelimb distal to carpus Back of hindlimb distal to tarsus Front of forelimb hindlimb distal to carpus tarsus Domestic Animal Left Right Cranial Rostral Caudal Dorsal Ventral Medial Lateral Deep (internal) Superficial (external) Proximal Distal Palmar Plantar Dorsal Human Left Right Superior Nasal Inferior Posterior Anterior Medial Lateral Deep (internal) Superficial (external) Proximal Distal Palmar Plantar Anterior
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Directional Terms Continued

• Left and right refer to animals left and right.
• Cranial and caudal refer to the two ends of the
  animal.
• Can state something is cranial or caudal relative
  to something else.
• Rostral means towards the nose and only describes
  positions or directions on the head.
• Dorsal and ventral refer to up and down or
  towards the back and towards the belly. (humans
  use posterior and anterior).

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More Directional Terms

• Medial and lateral refer to towards the midline
  or away from the midline
• What is midline plane called?
• Deep and superficial refer to the position of
  something relative to the center or surface of
  the body.
• Deep-toward the center of the body (internal)
• Superficial- toward the surface of the body or a
  body part (external).
• Proximal and distal describe positions only on
  extremities relative to other parts of the body.
• Proximal-toward the body
• Distal- away from the body

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Special Directional terms

• Palmar- back surface of the carpus (wrist).
• Plantar- back surface of the hind limb distal to
  the tarsus (ankle).

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Describe these pictures
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And again
Rear paw of a dog
Front paw of a dog
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One more time
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General Plan of the Animal Body

• Bilateral Symmetry- idea that left and right
  halves of animals body are essentially mirror
  images of one another.
• Where does this work?
• Where does this not work?
• Body Cavities- Animals have two main cavities
  (spaces).
• 1. Dorsal cavity- Contains brain and spinal cord
  (CNS)
• Subdivides into cranial and spinal cavities
• 2. Ventral cavity- contains most of the soft
  organs (viscera) of the body.
• Subdivides into thoracic and abdominal cavities
• What is visceral pleura? What is visceral
  peritoneum?
• What is parietal pleura? What is parietal
  peritoneum?
• Levels of Organization that make up the body
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Systems

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Levels of Organization Continued

• Cells- basic functional units of all life.
• Smallest subdivisions of the body that are
  capable of life
• Generally are specialized in nature
• Tissues- when specialized cells group together to
  do the same job.
• 4 basic tissue types
• 1. Epithelial-cells that cover body surfaces
• 2. Connective-holds body together and gives it
  support
• Can you give an example?
• 3. Muscle- moves body inside and out
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth
• 4. Nervous- transmits information around the body
  and controls body functions.
• Organs- groups of tissue that work together for a
  common purpose
• Systems-groups of organs that have a common set
  of activities

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Health

• The state of normal anatomy and physiology.
• Maintaining health may be a difficult and
  complicated process.
• All structures and functions in the body are
  interrelated to produce optimal health.

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Homeostasis

• The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the
  body.
• Active balance of all of the structures, systems
  and functions of the body
• All parts are inter-related and balanced
• Blood pressure, acid-base balance, oxygen levels

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Things that make you go Hmmmm.

• What happens if you get scared half to death
  twice?