Neuroanatomy Tutorial

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Neuroanatomy Tutorial
This is the first of 3 digital resources provided
to you as part of your Neuroanatomy lab for
today. Please use these online tools as you see
fit to complete the objectives of your. The
digital movies in the next two sections can be
paused, scrolled, and explored at will. Colours
of the Internal Structures are coded to the
provided sheets. At the end of the digital
component of the lab, the organizers would be
grateful if you could complete the quiz and
feedback sheet. Questions for the quiz are found
under the Quiz Section to the right. It is a
timed quiz that wed like you do do individually
if you dare.
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Objectives

• 3D neuroanatomy is difficult to learn on brain
  slices
• As important as the structures themselves, the
  relationship of each structure within the brain
  is important
• Presenting the brain in a 3D model, with the
  ability to stop the video, rewing, fastforward,
  might make it easier

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CEREBRAL BRAIN LOBES

• The cortex region of the brain the most exterior
  surface. It consists of two types of matter grey
  and white. It is divided into two hemispheres
  (left and right) and several lobes each with a
  different primary function.

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The Frontal Lobe

• Blue in Figures
• Located in the anterior portion of the cortex
• Function
• Ability to recognize future consequences
  resulting form current actions, and make movement
  decisions accordingly
• Contains Brocas Area

Left View
Superior View
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The Temporal Lobe

• Green in Figure
• Located in the lower lateral portion of the
  cortex
• Function
• Auditory perception and is home to the primary
  auditory complex.
• Contains Wernickes Area

Frontal View
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The Occipital Lobe

• Pink in Figure
• Located in the posterior portion of the cortex
• Function
• Visual perception and is home to the primary
  visual cortex

Left View
Superior View
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The Parietal Lobe

• Yellow in Figure
• Located in the superior aspect of the cortex
• Function
• Integrating sensory information perceived to
  determine spatial sense and navigation and
  consequently contains the somatosensory cortex

Posterior View
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The Insular Cortex

• Purple in Figure
• Located within the lateral sulcus under an area
  called the operculum an area of the cortex
  comprised of the frontal, parietal and temporal
  lobes overlying this area
• Function
• Consiousness

Left View
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SULCI, GYRI AND FISSURES

• The cortex is not a smooth surface, in fact it is
  comprised of several fissures (Grooves extending
  through the cotex), sulci (indents or valleys in
  the cortex) and gyri (bumps or ridges in the
  cortex) which work to increase the overall
  surface area of the cortex.

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The Longitudinal Fissure

• Pink in Figure
• Also known as the interhemispheric fissure
• Divides the cortex into left and right hemispheres

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The Central Sulcus

• Red in Figure
• Found on the exterior of the cortex
• Separates the primary somatosensory cortex within
  the parietal lobe from the primary motor cortex
  within the
• frontal lobe

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The Lateral Sulcus

• Blue in Figure
• Found on the lateral aspect of the cortex
• Separates the temporal and frontal lobes

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The Calcarine Sulcus

• Green in Figure
• Found on medial and posterior aspect of the
  cortex in both hemispheres
• This is the area where the primary visual cortex
  is concentrated

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The Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

• Purple in Figure
• Found on the medial and superior aspect of the
  cortex in both hemispheres
• Separates the parietal and occipital lobes and
  joins the calcarine sulcus

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The Precentral Gyrus

• Yellow in Figure
• Found anterior to the cetnral sulcus within the
  frontal lobe
• Contains the primary motor cortex
• Function
• Plan and execute
• movements

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The Postcentral Gyrus

• Pink in Figure
• Found posterior to the central sulcus within the
  parietal lobe
• Contains the primary somatosensory cortex
• Function
• Proprioception,
• nociception

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AREAS OF LANGUAGE

• Left Brain Only

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Brocas Area

• Purple in Figure
• Found in the Left Frontal Lobe
• Involved in Language Processing, speech
  production and comprehension
• Brocas Aphasia
• unable to create grammatically
• complex sentences and
• understand their deficit

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Wernickes Area

• Green in Figure
• Found in the Left Parietal Lobe
• Wernickes Aphasia
• major impairment of language
• comprehension
• can speak with normal
• grammar, syntax, rate,
• intonation and stress, but
• their language content is
• incorrect. 

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THE CEREBELLUM

• The Little Brain

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The Cerebellum

• Orange in Figure
• Located at the posterior and inferior aspect of
  the brain, tucked underneath the occipital lobe
• Function
• Fine tune motor activity
• through integrating input from
• the sensory systems
• Does not initiate movement,
• only adjusts it to smooth it

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INNER BRAIN STRUCTURES

• The Diancephalon and Brain Stem

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The Thalamus

• Yellow in the figure
• Largest structure in the diancephalon
• Situated between the cortex and midbrain
  bilaterally with a small joined part in between
• Function
• act as a relay between a
• variety of subcortical areas
• and the cerebral cortex

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The Hypothalamus

• Pink in the figure
• Situated inferior and anterior to the thalamus
• Contains the pituitary gland
• Function
• link the nervous system to
• the endocrine system via the
• pituitary gland

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The Epithalamus

• Red in the figure
• Smallest structure in the diancephalon
• Situated posterior to the thalamus
• Contains the pineal glands
• Function
• secretion of melatonin

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Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

• Green in Figure
• Situated between diancephalon and pons within the
  brain stem
• Function
• Contains the substantia
• nigra is closely associated
• with motor system
• pathways of the basal
• ganglia

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Pons

• Purple in Figure
• Situated between midbrain and medulla within the
  brainstem
• Function
•  White mater tracts that
• conduct signals from the 
• Cortex down to the
• cerebellum and medulla
• tracts that carry the sensory
• signals up into the thalamus

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Medulla Oblongata

• Blue in Figure
• Situated below the medulla within the brainstem
• Function
•  cardiac, respiratory,
• vomiting and vasomotor 
• centers
• deals with autonomic
• involuntary functions, such
• as breathing heart rate and
• blood pressure

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THE VENTRICLE SYSTEM

• Ventricles are the cavities through which
  Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) circulates around the
  brain and spinal cord. The ventricles have three
  main parts which all contribute to CSF production

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Lateral Ventricles

• Orange in figure
• Located bilaterally, and are the largest
  component of the ventricular system
• Function
• CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) produced here passes
  into the 3rd ventricle and is
• used for bathing and cushioning
• the brain and spinal cord

Superior View
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Third Ventricle

• Purple in figure
• Located centrally between the two thalami
• Function
• Receives CSF from the lateral ventricles
• Produces CSF and passes it into the 4th ventricle
  via the aquaduct

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Fourth Ventricle

• Green in figure
• Located centrally as a diamond shaped projection
  off of the cerebral aquaduct
• Function
• Receives CSF from the 3rd ventricles
• Passes CSF into the
• subarachnoid space situated
• around the brain

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Cerebral white matter

• Commissural
• Connecting the two hemispheres
• Corpus callosum
• Anterior commissure
• Posterior commissure

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Corpus callosum
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Cerebral white matter

• Association
• Connect different areas of the hemisphere
• Superior longitudinal fasciculus arcuate
  fasciculus
• Fonrtotemporal/parietal region
• Integration of speech/auditory nuclei
• Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
• Temporal and occipital lobes
• Uncinate
• Cingulum
• Fornix
• Stria terminalis

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Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
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Uncinate
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Cingulum
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Cerebral white matter

• Projection
• Projection from the cortex to the thalmus, pons,
  spinal cord
• Thalamic radiation
• Corticospinal tracts

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Thalamic projections
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• premotor cortex and frontal eye field
• somatosensory association cortex

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Corpus callosum

• Rostrum
• Genu
• Body
• Splenium