Nutrition

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Nutrition

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Know Understand Do!

• Know
• Basic nutritional elements
• Basic digestive anatomy
• Feedstuffs in a ration

• Do
• Analyze the purpose of these elements
• Compare and contrast varying animal digestive
  systems
• Build a feed ration

• Understand
• Role of nutritional elements in health
• Function and physiology of digestive tract
• Steps to building a ration

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Key Learning Nutrition and Digestion

• Unit EQ How is animal nutrition developed to
  increase health in animals?

Concept Nutritional Development Lesson EQ How
is a feed ration developed? Vocab Feedstuff,
Pearson Square
Concept Digestion Lesson EQ How does digestive
anatomy differ based on diet? Vocab Monogastric,
Modified Monogastric
Concept Nutrition Elements Lesson EQ What is
the most important element and why? Vocab Vitamin,
Mineral, Essential Nutrient
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Lit Frayer Model
I think it is. Because of (clues)
The sheep was suffering from paralysis caused by grass tetany since her diet was missing an important essential nutrient. The sheep was suffering from paralysis caused by grass tetany since her diet was missing an important essential nutrient.
It is actually defined as Ways to help me remember this/Examples are
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Essential Nutrient Defined

• An essential nutrient is defined as any element
  (typically a vitamin or a mineral) that an
  organism cannot survive without, and must be
  provided in the diet
• Requirement levels will vary by animal
• Example
• Vitamin C for Gpigs- without animals will get
  scurvy
• Taurine in Cats- required protein for digestion
  without cats cannot digest their food

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Warm Up

• Food Labels Grab a bag of Animal Food from the
  lab. Please remember where you got this from!
• Answer the following
• Who is your food made for? How do you know?
• What are the top 5 ingredients?
• What is the nutritional values in s?
• Write/Copy the description of your food.
• What are the feeding directions? Amount per day?
• Are there any warnings? If so what are they?
• What audience is your product being advertised to
  and how do you know?
• Give a visual/smell/touch description of your
  food.

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Share your info

• Share your answers you found from your feed bag
  in the lab (Qs on board)

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Pair/ Share Your Findings

• Add to your warm up feed bag activity
• 3- things they have in common
• 2- difference
• 1 Summary about information found on a feed bag
  for animals
• THEN
• Answer the following Using your prior knowledge
  about small animal care What food had the most
  protein? Why might this animal require more
  protein? What ingredients were commonly used?
  What nutritional elements (measured in s ) are
  typically guaranteed?

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Discuss Findings

• Pair Share with your shoulder partner
• What was the most commonly guaranteed item?
  (found in )
• What was the most commonly used ingredient?
• Infer a relationship between the highest
  element (protein etc) vs the most commonly used
  ingredient

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Nutritional Elements

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Objectives

• Students will be able to
• Identify the purpose behind nutrition
• Label Nutritions main aspects
• Summarize the main nutrient requirements for
  small large animals
• Analyze Feed labels for animals
• Balance a feed ration

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Unit Essential Question

• How is nutrition developed to increase health in
  animals?

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Essential Question

• What is the most important element and why?

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Review

• Nutrition is
• The science or study that deals with food and
  nourishment
• Food
• Required for an organism to live and is used for
  growth

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Nutrition Activity

• Each type of candy/ cereal represents an
  important part of nutrition. Each table will have
  a problem and will need to provide the
  appropriate type of ration for your groups
  scenario .

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Build your Own Feed Ration

• Table 1 Build a ration with 2x more fat than
  carbs
• Table 2 Build a ration with equal parts vitamins
  and minerals
• Table 3 Build a ration with 4x more carbs than
  protein
• Protein Cheez Balls, Carbs Pop corn, Vitamins
  and Minerals Fruitloops , M M Fat , Water
  Pretzels

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What are Nutrients?

• Provides nourishment for growth or metabolism
• Examples Include
• Carbohydrates
• Fat
• Protein
• Water
• Vitamins
• Minerals

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Carbohydrates

• Mainly sugar and starches
• Simple
• Monosaccharide
• Complex
• Normally derived from plants
• Energy comes from carbohydrates, fats, and some
  proteins in feed.
• Most concentrates have higher energy than do
  roughages.
• Energy is stated as total digestible nutrients
  (TDN).

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Energy Expanded

• Energy is measured in calories.
• A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise
  the temperature of one gram of water one degree
  C.
• Calories in feed or as requirements are stated as
  kilocalorie (kcal) or megacalorie (Mcal).
• A kcal is 1000 calories.
• An Mcal is 1000000 calories.

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Fat

• Forms that fat comes in
• Soluble
• Insoluble
• Solid
• Liquid
• Added to feeds to increase palatability
• Also added to reduce dust
• Molasses

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Protein

• Protein is stated as crude protein on a feed
  label and is given as percentage or grams on the
  feed label.
• Protein needs are higher for young, lactating,
  and pregnant animals.
• The needs of an animal must be matched with its
  diet,
• Required for structure, function, and regulation
  of body cells, tissues, and organs.
• Essential components of muscle, skin, and bones

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Water

• Important in many life functions
• Do you know any examples?
• MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT!!!
• What might prevent an animal from getting its
  daily water intake?
• What can we do to help fix this problem?

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Vitamins
Organic components in food that are needed in
small amounts for growth
A- Plays roles in vision, gene transcription,
immune function, embryonic development and
reproduction, bone metabolism, skin and hair
health Found in dark green vegetables E-
Protects blood cells from free-radicals which
break down cell structure, Protects destruction
of A and C Found in soybean, corn and cottonseed
D-Promotes absorption of calcium can be
synthesized in the skin when exposed to
sunlight K- Needed for proper blood clotting and
protein synthesis occurring in plasma, bone and
kidneys.
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Minerals
Classified as Macro or Micro reflect the amount
in the diet not physical size Sometimes difficult
to digest How do we fix this problem?
CHELATE Chelate formation of bonds between
atoms Inorganic nutrients include sodium,
magnesium, and calcium
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MACRO-Minerals

• Calcium and Phosphorus
• work hand in hand, present in ratios
• Calcium works in muscle function
• Phosphorus works in metabolic functions
• Phosphorus can be deficient in legumes in
  certain areas, or too high in others ( Delaware
  has an abundance, Australia has a deficiency)
• Sodium and Chloride help maintain water balance
  in body
• Potassium organ function, cellular water balance
  

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Whats Different? Pair Share
  Growing- Gestating  Lactating    
  Finishing Dry Cows  Cows    
  BW BW BW Max. Performance
650 lbs 1,250 lbs 1,200 lbs Tolerable Impacted
Ca,  0.31 0.18 0.27 1.8  Growth
P, 0.27 0.18 0.27 0.3 Growth
Na, 0.07 0.07 0.10 4.0 Milk Prod.
Cl,  ?  ?  ?  4.0  Milk Prod.
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Summary Write,/Pair/Share

• The most important thing to remember about
  Nutritional Elements is _______ because
  ___________
• 1 Supporting Fact
• 1 Supporting Fact
• 1 Supporting Fact
• But the MOST important thing to remember about
  Nutritional Elements is_____________

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Take home Activity

• To share next day

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Vocabulary!

• Nutrition
• Nutrient
• Water
• Carbohydrate
• Mineral
• Vitamin
• Protein
• Fat

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ANSC 2 Take Home

• Research an Animal Feed Requirement
• Any animal
• Give the required element (Vita C? Taurine? Etc)
• How does your animal receive this essential
  nutrient in their diet? What food etc
• Pair Share findings next day

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ANSC 2 Take Home Activity

• Consider small and large animal nutrition.
  Research a required nutrient for a small or large
  animal. Explain how the nutrient requirement is
  met through diet. What would be the implications
  if this nutrient was not present in the diet?
• Example Cats require taurine in their diet.
  Taurine is supplied in Cat food. Without taurine
  cats suffer from Central Retinal Degeneration

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ANSC 2 Activities Continued..

• Summarize a Nutrition Article
• Who wrote it? How was the research conducted?
  What were the results? Why was this researched?
  What are the implications of the research?
• Bag of Feed Summary
• List the first 15 ingredients on a bag of animal
  feed. Put each ingredient in a category of
  nutrients discussed in class.

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Review from Feed Bag Activity

• Complete the following chart (Remember
  ingredients are listed from MOST present to least
  present)
• EXAMPLE

Category of Nutrient Animal Feed that contains the highest amount of Nutrient Ingredient providing the nutrient What the animal eats in the wild
Carbs
Fats/Oils
Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
Category Animal Feed Ingredient In the Wild
Carbs Bird food Millet Oats Seeds
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BIG IDEA SUMMARY Take Home

• After gathering all your information and after
  viewing the small animal management, nutrition,
  and care answer the following in a one page
  double spaced summary essay
• How do we build a perfect diet for small animals
  utilizing information about their natural diet,
  physiology and dentition (teeth)? What influence
  can this have on overall animal health ? (proper
  diet)

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DigestionGet out your packet for guided notes

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Warm Up Rally Robin

• List with your face partner
• Any parts of the digestive process you can
  remember
• Think about the Poultry, Dairy/Beef, Small Mammal
  Unit

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Objectives

• Define Ruminant. Monogastric, Modified
  Monogastric
• Explore Monogastric and Ruminant digestive
  systems
• Explain the four chambers of the Ruminant stomach
  and their purpose.

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Essential Question

• How does digestive anatomy differ based on diet?

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Digestion

• The process by which large, complex nutrient
  molecules are broken down into simpler molecules
  capable of being used by an organism for food
• Types of Digestive Systems
• Mono Gastric
• Modified Mono Gastric
• Ruminant
• Poultry

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Monogastric

• Carnivores and omnivores have a simple stomach
• System only has one compartment
• Examples of mono gastric systems swine, rabbits,
  humans

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Monogastric break down with Diagram (fill in )

• Small Intestine
• Its Job enzymatic digestion and absorption
• Digests proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
• Small intestine has 3 parts
• Duodenum- most digestion occurs here
• Jejunum- digestion and absorption
• Ileum- mostly absorption
• Bile is secreted from the liver and helps
  breakdown fats

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Monogastric Breakdown

• Cecum- nonfunctioning in many monogastrics.
  Rabbits and horses have an enlarged cecum
• Why do you think this is true? ( think about what
  rabbits and horses eat)
• Large intestine
• Bacterial activity
• Water absorption
• Waste storage

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Rabbits- Modified Monogastric

• Coprophagy - eating of cecotropes resulting in
  food having a double pass through the digestion
  system. Without the double pass many of the
  nutrients in feed would be lost to the animal.

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Horses Hind Gut Fermenters
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Summary Pair Share

• What is the major differences between a
  monogastric and modified monogastric/ hind gut
  fermenter?
• Why might these animals have NEEDED this
  adaptation?

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Digestion Ruminants Get out your packet for
guided notes

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Ruminant

• Name some Ruminants Rally Robin with your Face
  Partner
• Pair Share What are differences between the
  ruminants and non-ruminants that you can
  remember?

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Ruminant

• 4 Chambered Stomach
• Reticulum
• Rumen
• Omasum
• Abomasum

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The Process of Digestion

• Step 1. Get the food!!
• This process is called retrieving, or grazing.
• How do ruminants get their food?

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Step 2. Chew and Swallow

• The process of chewing is called mastication.
• What directions do you chew?
• What direction does a cow chew?
• Why do you think this

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Step 3. Rumen

• Largest of 4 compartments
• Its Job FERMENTATION
• Continuous mixing and moving
• Anaerobic environment/Diverse bacterial pop.
• Breaks down fibrous feed in volatile fatty acids
• Papillae lining
• Nonfunctional at birth , shunted off

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Calf Stomach Engineering
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Step 4. Reticulum

• Feed boluses come from here
• Honeycomb appearance
• Its Job REGURGITATION
• Regurgitation from rumen to mouth
• Expulsion to omasum
• Fermentation gases

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Step 5. Rumination

• Regurgitation of ingesta from the reticulum,
  followed by remastication and reswallowing.
• Whats the purpose rechewing and reswallowing?
• INCREASE SURFACE AREA!!!!
• Helping out the microbes

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Step 6. Omasum

• Many folds
• Its Job REDUCE
• Reduces particle size
• Absorb some water, minerals
• Why would you reduce particle size?

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Step 7. Abomasum

• True Stomach
• Glandular , meaning it secretes
• Does your stomach excrete anything? Why ?
• Its Job DIGESTION
• Begin digestion here
• Feed leaves abomasum and enters the small
  intestine where further digestion takes place
• Feed leaving abomasum is high in water content
• Why do you think this happens?

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Ruminant Summary

• Comic Strip
• Outline the steps of the digestion of a ruminant
  in a comic strip.
• Include a representation of how the different
  segments of the stomach appear ( folds of a book,
  honey comb etc)

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Bring it all together Pair Share

• 3 things Ruminants and NON ruminants have in
  common with their digestive anatomy
• 2 Things that are different
• 1 reason why (they are different in the ways you
  mentioned above)

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Digestion AvianGet out your packet for guided
notes

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Avian Digestion

• Crop- Food storage
• Proventriculous glandular part of the stomach
  that stores and starts to digest food before it
  enters the gizzard
• Gizzard- grinds and processes food. VERY MUSCULAR
  

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Bird Digestion Overview

• Crop Food Storage
• Proventriculus secretes digestive enzymes
• Gizzard Muscular grinding organ
• Small and Large Intestine Remove nutrients

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Compare/Contrast Chart
Part of Digestive Process Mono Gastric (dogs) Modified (Rabbit) Hind Gut Fer-menter (Horse) Ruminant (cow) Bird (Chicken)
Chewing/ Retrieving food Chew /Grab/Tear with specialized teeth
Digesting food (stomach) Stomach secretes acid to break down food
Retrieving nutrients (intestines) Small and Large Intestine pull out nutrients
Waste Removal Water is removed in ceacum and hard feces is passed
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Extension

• What do the animals in our chart eat?
• How could WHAT an animal EATS and their living
  habits affect their digestive anatomy

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Activity Digestion Role Play! Go Find the parts!

• Each Student will receive a section of the
  digestion system
• Students will read the description of their
  section of the digestion tract.
• PUT IT IN ORDER!!!
• Monogastric, Ruminant, and Avian digestion pieces
  are included!

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Vocabulary

• Ruminant, Monogastric, Modified Monogastric,
  Corprophagy, mastication, rumination, gizzard,
  crop, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum,
  duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum

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Digestion Review Quiz!!!
STUDY FOR 15 MINUTES!!
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Extension research

• On you own
• Based on what we learned today about nutrition
  and food movement through the digestive system
  Pick an animal ( other then a cow) and complete
  the following on your own sheet of paper
• Name the Animal
• Why type of stomach does it have?
• Give a step by step breakdown from beginning to
  end, following food movement within the animals
  digestive system . Be sure to include what is
  happening to the food at each section of
  digestion

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Share your Researched Animal

• Share your researched animal
• How does this compare to the animals we discussed
  in class?

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Reading and Analyzing a Feed Label

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Objectives

• Review food label basics
• Summarize the basic importance of nutrition
• Explore minor small and large animal nutrition
  requirements and their effects
• Define ration
• Outline the steps in balancing a ration

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Lit Frayer Model
I think it is. Because of (clues)
The animal was in poor health due to an improperly balanced feed ration. The animal was in poor health due to an improperly balanced feed ration.
It is actually defined as Ways to help me remember this/Examples are
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Feed Ration

• A balanced diet provided to animals
• Based on needs for 24 hour period
• Can be altered to increase desired performance or
  product
• Includes multiple feed stuffs (ingredients)
• Vary by geographical location
• Can change as an animal ages

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Essential Question

• How is a feed ration developed??

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Why is Nutrition important?

• Diets should be based on the needs of the animal
  being fed and the nutrient content of the feed
  available.
• What are you feeding for?
• Maintenance ? (What does this mean?)
• Performance?
• Lactating
• Showing/ exhibition
• Reproductive
• Growth

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Reading a Food Label

• Feed is analyzed for production animals and some
  companion animals
• The two nutrients found in the greatest amounts
  in most rations are protein and energy.
• Ingredients are listed in order from most to
  least according to amount present.

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Food Label Examples
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Small Animal Nutrition Recap

• Birds
• Cuttlebone, Calcium, and Grit
• Dogs
• Protein and Carbs
• Cats
• Taurine Helps digest fat-soluble vitamins
• Guinea Pigs
• Vitamin C general health aide

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Large Animal Nutrition Recap

• Ruminant
• Roughage and fiber, Vitamins A and E required
• Sheep- must have a 21 ratio of Calcium to
  Phosphorus
• Also required for lactation and growth in cattle
• Non Ruminant
• - Humans What type of nutrition do we require?
• Animals who feed mostly on grass
• Need magnesium
• Any examples you may know?

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Pair Share Review

• How are they different?
• Ruminant vs Non Ruminant
• Bird vs Dog
• Ruminant vs bird

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Ration

• A ration is the total amount of feed an animal
  consumes in a 24-hour period.
• A ration needs to provide the right amount and
  proportion of nutrients needed by the animal
  during its particular life cycle stage
• A good ration should be balanced, have variety,
  be succulent, be palatable, bulky, economical,
  and suitable.

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Rations Contin

• Nutritional information about feeds is used to
  formulate rations.
• The amount of each nutrient is figured into the
  ration.
• This is based on the nutrient requirements of the
  animal.
• The information tells how much roughage,
  concentrate, and supplement are needed.

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Pair Share

• Referring back to the chart
• What nutritional requirement tends to change the
  most over an animals life time?

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Goals of Rations

• A balanced ration will increase gain, decrease
  expense, and increase profits.
• Gain weight
• More lustrous coat
• Specifications to accommodate for
• Illness
• Muscle mass
• Lactation
• Old age

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Balancing a Ration

• There are four basic steps that should be
  followed when developing a balanced ration.
• 1. Identify the needs of the animal
• 2. Identify available feed stuffs.
• 3. Calculate how much of each feed stuff is
  required
• 4. Check ration against the nutrient needs of the
  animal.

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1. Identify the needs of the animal

• Find out Age, Kind, Weight, and Function of the
  animal
• Nutrient need requirements are called Feed
  Standards
• Feeding standards are based on average
  requirements and may not meet the needs under
  specific feeding conditions i.e. illness,
  breeding or pregnancy

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2. Identify available feedstuffs

• A feedstuff is an ingredient used in making feed
  for animals.
• The producer must then choose which feedstuffs to
  include in the ration based on nutrient value of
  the feedstuff and availability
• Nutrient content of an item may be found by
  consulting a feed composition table.

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Availability

• Availability of the feedstuff is determined by
  the location of the producer developing the
  ration.
• For example, a producer in the Midwest is more
  likely to use soybean meal as a source of protein
  while a producer in the southern United States
  would be more likely to use cottonseed meal as a
  protein source in livestock feed.
• What would producers in Delaware most likely use?
  Corn or Soybean?

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3. Calculate the amount of each feedstuff to use
in the ration.

• Several methods
• Commercial feed company would most likely use a
  computer program to develop the ration.
• Producers developing their own rations can use a
  simpler method known as the Pearson Square to
  manufacture a balanced ration on their own farm
  or ranch.

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4. Check ration against nutrient needs of the
animal.

• Ration developed needs meets all of the
  requirements of the animal for minerals and
  vitamins.
• Deficiencies require recalculations.

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Balancing Rations

• Balanced rations are normally shown in the form
  of a ratio.
• Ratio Practice Activity together
  Pair/Share/Discuss answers

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Words you should know!Lets Rally Robin Review
with your Partner

• Ruminant
• Non Ruminant
• Ration
• (Animal at) Maintenance
• Balanced (ration)
• Essential (if something is essential what does
  that mean for the animal?)

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Review Together Round Robin. what seat is
answering the Q

• What is required for the animal at maintenance?
• What would cause the animals nutritional needs
  to change?
• What special instructions should you as an owner
  of this animal consider when providing a balanced
  diet?
• How do we provide a balanced diet?

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Pearson Square Method

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Objectives

• Successfully balance a ration for various content
  using the Pearson Square Method

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Round Robin 4 Steps to developing a feed ration
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Essential Question

• How is a feed ration developed??

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Balancing a Ration Howd ya do?

• There are four basic steps that should be
  followed when developing a balanced ration.
• 1. Identify the needs of the animal
• 2. Identify available feed stuffs.
• 3. Calculate how much of each feed stuff is
  required
• 4. Check ration against the nutrient needs of the
  animal.

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Pearson Square

• The Pearson square method is a simple way to
  calculate a ration for a specific animal.
• It can also be used to calculate ingredients for
  batches of feed.
• Follow along as we practice !!

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Pearson Square Step By Step

• Step 1. Draw a 1- to 2-inch square.
• Place diagonal lines across the square.
• Step 2. Write the percentage of crude protein
  needed by the animal in the center of the square
  where the diagonal lines cross.

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Pearson Square Step by Step

• Step 3. Write the feeds to be used at each left
  corner.
• Place the percent of crude protein in the feeds
  after the name of feed.

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Pearson Square Step by Step

• Step 4. Subtract the smaller of the numbers from
  the larger numbers.
• (This involves crude protein needed by the
  animal and that provided by the feed.)
• Write the difference at opposite corners.

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Pearson Square Step by Step

• Step 5. The numbers at the two right corners are
  parts of the two feed ingredients that are
  needed.
• (Parts can be measured as weight or volume just
  so the proportion remains as was calculated.)

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Pearson Square Step by Step Almost there!!

• Step 6. The percentage of each feed needed in the
  ration can be found by dividing the number of
  parts by the total parts.

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Pearson Square Finished Product!

• Step 7. The amount of each feed ingredient for a
  large batch of feed is determined by multiplying
  the percentage of each by the total amount of
  feed desired.

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Class Practice

• Formulate a supplement to contain 0.8 calcium.
  Use corn (0.2 Ca) and limestone (35 Ca). How
  many pounds of each feed is in 100 pounds of the
  ration?

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Independent Practice!

• Formulate a supplement to contain 0.8 calcium.
  Use corn (0.2 Ca) and limestone (35 Ca). How
  many pounds of each feed is in 175 pounds ration?
  

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Class Review Pearson Square Answers

• Remember the Steps Round Robin review of steps

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Vocabulary ReviewPair Share

• What is the Pearson Square method and how/why do
  we use it in animal science?

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Feed Analysis Bring it all together

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Round Robin with your group

1. What are the basic nutritional elements?
2. What are the major types of digestive systems
3. What are ways we develop a feed ration?
4. Why might be change an animals feed ration?

114
Objectives

• Identify the purpose of Feed analysis

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Essential Question

• How is animal nutrition developed to increase
  health in animals?

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Feed Analysis

• Feed analysis is the process of determining the
  nutrients in a feedstuff or prepared mixed feed
  and is most often done in a laboratory.
• The information gained through this process is
  important in selecting the diets of animals to
  assure a balanced ration.
• An analysis provides information in several
  areas.

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Areas of Feed Analysis

• Dry matter - Dry matter is the weight of feed
  materials after moisture has been driven out.
• Feed quality is based on the proportion of water
  in the feed.
• Crude protein - Crude protein is the nitrogen
  content of feed multiplied by 6.25 (a constant
  factor).
• Feedstuffs with higher crude protein are
  typically more nutritious.

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Areas of Feed Analysis

• Fat - Fat content is determined by using an ether
  extract process.
• The ether dissolves the fat.
• The remaining feed material is weighed and a
  percentage of fat is calculated.
• Crude fiber - Crude fiber is determined by
  boiling the feed material in an acid and using
  laboratory procedures to dry the feed.
• The weight before and after drying is measured
  and used to calculate percent.

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Nutrition and Poor Health

• Example Vitamin D Deficiency
• What happens to humans
• Rickets in Children, soft bones
• What happens to small animals
• Dogs can experience higher cancer rates
• What happens to large animals
• Cattle experience decreased fertility

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Extension Activity

• Nutritional Deficiencies in Animals
• Utilizing your books
• Identify 3 different Species
• Give a nutritional related disease for those
  animals
• Give Symptoms and Treatment/Prevention
• Pair Share

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Vocabulary Sheet Terms You Should Know Round
Robin Review

• Ruminant
• Non Ruminant
• Ration
• Maintenance
• Balanced
• Essential
• Nutrition
• Nutrient
• Water

• Rickets
• Feed Analysis
• Feedstuff
• Calorie
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum

• Mineral
• Vitamin
• Grass Tetany
• Protein
• Fat
• Ration
• Pearson Square
• Balanced Ration
• Crude Protein

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Take Home Test Review

• Define the words on the vocab sheet in your
  packet
• Answer the following questions
• What are the major nutrients?
• What forms do they come in? What do each provide
  to the diet? 
• What are the steps to formulating a balanced
  ration?
• Why are balanced rations important to animal
  health?
• Name the 4 important vitamins and the functions
  they serve for animal health
• What are stages of animal life or types of
  performance that owners must consider when
  choosing an animal diet?
• How can improper diet effect an animals health?
  Give an example discussed in class.
• How do we perform a Pearson square?
• What are the steps in balancing a ration?
• How is animal nutrition developed to increase
  health in animals?

124
References

• Animal-world.com/encyclo/birds/information/birdcag
  e.htmfoods
• Felinefuture.com/nutrition/taurine.php
• The Merck Veterinary Manual 8th Edition
• Ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/articles/basics.html