http://www.ltcconline.net/kloss/bio212/ch__7.htm

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ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION, PYLOGENY ORGANIZATION
Roselyn Aperocho Naranjo USPF, College of
Pharmacy www.roselynnaranjo.vze.com
http//www.ltcconline.net/kloss/bio212/ch__7.htm
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Introduction

• Biologists have named and described more
• than 1.4 million species

B. More than .75 of these are animals
C. Many zoologists group organisms by shared
characteristics

• these shared characteristics are a consequence
• of shared evolutionary processes

2. these groupings reflect order found in living
systems
3. there are still 4 - 30 million undescribed
species, lots of work left
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Introduction

• Biologists have named and described more
• than 1.4 million species

B. More than .75 of these are animals
C. Many zoologists group organisms by shared
characteristics
4. There are 36 different animal phyla, the
highest taxon under the kingdom level
5. the most recently discovered animal phylum was
designated in 1995 by Kirstensen and Funch in
Denmark - Cycliophora
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Introduction
Cycliophora
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Classification of Organisms

1. Language helps us to communicate, but also to
   encode and classify concepts, objects and
   organisms

2. To name organisms just by species names does
not help us much
3. A classification system reflects the order and
relationships that arise from evolutionary
processes
4. The study of the diversity among organisms,
the evolutionary relationships among them is
called systematics taxonomy is the naming
and classifying of organisms
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Classification of Organisms
5. These studies result in description of new
species and org of animals into groups
(taxa) based on evolutionary relatedness
6. Nomenclature is the assigning of a distinctive
name to each species
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Taxonomic hierarchy

• Karl von Linne - Carolus Linnaeus
• - 1707-1778
  instituted
• binomial
  system we use
• today

2. grouped different species into broader
categories based on shared characteristics
3. A grouping of animals that shares
characteristics is called a taxon - kpcofgs.
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Taxonomic hierarchy
taxon - kpcofgs

• housefly shares 1 pr wings w/ all true flies
• same genus

b. share other characteristics with bees,
butterflies, beetles - all are insects
c. above spp. level, definitions of what forms
taxon are not precise - lots of arguments
d. ideally, members of same taxon are more
closely related genetically than w/others not
in taxon
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
Nomenclature

• binomial nomenclature adds precision to
• names of organisms

2. common names vary from city to city, country
to country
3. common names often designate genera, not
species
4. no other animal or organism has the same
binomial nomenclature
5. genus is capitalized, species is lowercase
both are italicized or underlined, separately
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
D. Molecular approaches to systematics

• molecular bio has provided important info for
• taxonomy of plants and animals
• 2. relatedness of particular organisms is
  reflected in shared DNA sequences, as well as in
  protein products
• 3. genes and proteins from related animals are
  more similar than genes and proteins from
  distantly related animals
• 4. since mutation rate is constant, a
  relationship to frequency of cell division,
  taxonomists can
• ascertain the length of time since divergence
  
• from a common ancestor

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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
D. Molecular approaches to systematics
5. using mitochondria in eukaryotes involves
relatively small quantities of DNA that change
at a relatively constant rate 6. this is
called a molecular clock 7. molecular clocks run
at difft rates depending on if you are
looking at DNA, RNA, protein, etc
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life

• Whittaker - 1969 - described 5 kingdoms based on
  
• cellular organization and
  mode of nutrition

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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
MONERA
Cell

• not enclosed in a distinct nuclear membrane

• Very small in size (about 1 micrometer)

• may be arranged in rows or in clusters )

• can survive unfavorable conditions such as
  extreme dryness or heat by producing an extra
  spore coat.

• can be round, rodshaped, or spiral-shaped

• can be round, rodshaped, or spiral-shaped

Reproduction
reproduce through binary fission (asexual)
or conjugation (sexual)
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
MONERA
Respiration

• obligate aerobes, the prokaryotes must have
• oxygen to live

• obligate anaerobes, the organisms cannot
• survive in the presence of
  oxygen

•  facultative anaerobes they can survive with
• or
  without oxygen.

Digestion
 extracellular (outside the cell) and nutrients
are absorbed into the cell
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
MONERA
Circulation

• accomplished through diffusion

Nutritional Diversity

• Autotrophs manufacture their own organic
• compounds

•  Heterotrophs obtain their energy by feeding
• on other organic
  substances

•  Saprophytes, a special kind of heterotroph,
• obtain energy by
  feeding on
• decaying matter

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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
FUNGI

• are unicellular or filamentous.
• their body is prepared by the mycelium that
• comprise the thread like hyphae.
• Mycelium appears like the web of spider.
• Walls of most of the hyphae are made up of
• chitin and cellulose.
• Number of nuclei in the cells may be one, two or
  
• more.
• they do not have chlorophyll and starch in their
  
• cells.
• Glycogen is the reserve food.

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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
FUNGI
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PROTISTA
euglena

• Protista have simple unicellular, colonial and
• eukaryotic organization.
• There are true nucleus and membrane bound other
  cell organelles, cytoplasmic streaming and sap
  vacuoles.
• Locomotion is generally present.
• It occurs with the help of flagella and
  pseudopodia.

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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PROTISTA

• Some protista are covered with cell wall while
  others do not posses it.
• It is diverse photosynthetic holozoic.
• Photosynthetic nutrition occurs in unicellular
  algae
• euglena like organisms.
• Organisms with mixotrophic nutrition are called
  as
• plant-animals.
• Sexual reproduction is present but an embryo
  stage is absent.

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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PROTISTA
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PLANTAE

• Plants are living organisms which cannot move
• and prepares their food themselves by the
• process of photosynthesis

• Plant kingdom includes trees, shrebs, herbs,
• grasses, ferns, bushes etc.,.  Some of the
• nourishment that is needed to our body is
• provided by plants. 

• Plant Kngdom was originally proposed by
• Linnaeus

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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PLANTAE
Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PLANTAE
Bryophytes
These are the simple land plants without leaves
and roots.  They have hair like structures called
Rhizoids to hold the surface.  They need water
for fertilization.  Embryo forms after
fertilization.  Eg. Moses.  We can find
Bryophytes growing on rocks, soil and on trees.
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PLANTAE
Pteridophytes
In these plant body contains stem, roots and
leaves.  Vascular system is present.  Fertilized
egg becomes embryo.
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PLANTAE
Gymnosperms
Stem is erect and have branches.  Reproduction is
sexual.  Leaves are photosynthetic.  Gametophytes
are very reduced in their size.  These are the
first seeded plants.  The literal meaning of
Gymnosperms is Naked Seed.
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PLANTAE
Gymnosperms
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PLANTAE
Angiosperms
Monocotyledons      Have only one cotyledon in
the seed.  Eg., wheat, maize and paddy.
Dicotyledons      Have two cotyledons in the
seed.  Eg., Ground nut, Bean Pea.
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
PLANTAE
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
ANIMALIA
Characteristics
1.  Animals are heterotrophic, meaning they
depend on other organisms for food.  Unlike
plants and other photosynthetic organisms,
animals do not contain chlorophyll that is
essential in food production.
2. All animals are multicellular.  Their cells
are highly specialized to perform specific
functions, such as digestion, movement,
reproduction, and excretion.
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
ANIMALIA
Characteristics
3. Animal cells are eukaryotic, meaning they have
a well-defined nucleus.  They also have
membrane-bound organelles.
4. Many animals are motile.  They move from place
to place in search of food, mate, a better place
to live, and to avoid danger.
5. Most animals exhibit sexual reproduction. 
Each individual grows from a fertilized egg and
passes through various distinct stages of
embryonic development.
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life

• Ribosomal RNA is pretty constant, doesnt change
  
• much- exhibits evolutionary
  conservation
• cant mess too much w/ protein
  making
• mechanism

3. biologists compare ribosomal RNA of different
organisms to find how sequences are
different.
4. look at all possible arrangement and figure
out which arrangement best explains data
5. Studies of ribosomal RNA indicates that there
are 3 main evolutionary lineages - domains
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
E. Kingdoms of Life
6. domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) are
broadest taxonomic grouping
a. archaea - all anaerobic, from hostile
environments b. Archaeans gave rise to bacteria -
true bacteria eubacteria, prokaryotic c.
eubacteria diverged first from archaea, then
eukarya diverged. So all eukaryotes are more
closely related to archaea than eubacteria
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics

• goal is to arrange animals into groups that
  reflect
• evolutionary relationships

2. groups should include ancestral species
and all descendants - monophyletic group
1. molecular traits - e.g. DNA sequence 2.
anatomical features - e.g. bones in forelimbs 3.
monophyletic group - includes ancestor and all
descendants 4. paraphyletic group - includes
some but not all members of a lineage
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics

• goal is to arrange animals into groups that
  reflect
• evolutionary relationships

2. groups should include ancestral species
and all descendants - monophyletic group
5. polyphyletic group - members that can be
traced to a different lineage 6. 3 different
schools have developed due to disagreements
on whether data may be used to describe
distant evolutionary relationships, and
methods of investigation
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
distant evolutionary relationships/ methods of
investigation
a. evolutionary systematics - "traditional
approach"

• basic assumption - organisms more
• closely related to an ancestor will
  resemble the ancestor more than they resemble
  distantly related organisms
• 2. homology vs. analogy
• a) analogies often develop in response to
  similar selective pressures - convergent
  evolution
• 3. work often portrayed in phylogenetic trees

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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
distant evolutionary relationships/ methods of
investigation
b. numerical taxonomy - believed criteria for
traditional systematics had become too
arbitrary and vague

• objectivity - mathematical models,
• computer aided techniques to group samples
  of organisms according to overall similarity
• 2. do not attempt to distinguish homology and
  analogy - data will overshadow and correct
• 3. limit discussions of ancestry to closely
  related taxa
• 4. least popular of all the schools

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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
distant evolutionary relationships/ methods of
investigation
c. phylogenetic systematics - also called
cladistics

• goal is to generate hypotheses of ancestry among
  monophyletic groups
• 2. they argue that their methods are more
  objective than traditional approach
• 3. use analogy and homology, but are most
  interested in homologies of recent origin
• 4. character shared by all members of a group is
  called symplesiomorphy

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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
distant evolutionary relationships/ methods of
investigation
c. phylogenetic systematics - also called
cladistics
5. to decide what character is ancestral to a
group of organisms, they pick a related group
called the outgroup
a. characters that have arisen since common
ancestry with the outgroup are called
synapomorphies or derived characters
6. cladogram is a family tree depicting a
hypothesis of regarding monophyletic lineages
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny and Organization
F. Animal SYstematics
distant evolutionary relationships/ methods of
investigation
c. phylogenetic systematics - also called
cladistics
7. cladogram, traditional groupings on top see
bird/reptile relationships

• generations of taxonomists have assigned class
  level status
• to birds
• b. reptiles have also had class status
• c. birds more closely related to alligators and
  crocs than other reptiles
• d. grouping should reflect this
• e. trad. maintain correctness, bc feathers are
  important traits to distinguish them, cladistics
  maintains that value judgments have no place here
• f. this is part of science, and what drives
  investigation

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VIDEO PRESENTATION

• Biological Classification Kingdoms