Basic Classification - Zoology

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Basic Classification - Zoology
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Classification of Organisms
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Kingdoms are divided into groups called
phyla Phyla are subdivided into
classes Classes are subdivided into
orders Orders are subdivided into
families Families are divided
into genera Genera contain
closely related species Species is unique

Thus, Categories within Kingdoms
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How to remember?

• Ken Poured Coffee On Freds Good Shirt.

C
O
G
S
K
P
F

• Or how about this one . . . . . .
• King Phillip Calls Opal For Great Soup.

Easier for your brain to remember one sentence
that 8 individual words
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Scientific Names

• We only know a fraction of all the
• organisms that exist or have existed
• on Earth.
• Taxonomists give a unique scientific
• name to each species they know
• about whether its alive today or
• extinct.

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Scientific Names

• The scientific name comes from one of two dead
  languages
• Latin or ancient Greek.

Why use a dead language?
They are static dont change
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So Why Use a Scientific Name?
Maybe if we use an example using an animal you
know.
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Mountain Lion
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Devil Cat
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Ghost Cat
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Screaming Cat
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Puma
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Florida Panther
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Cougar
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• There are at least 50 common names for the animal
  shown on the previous 7 slides.
• Common names vary according to region.
• Soooowhy use a scientific name?

It is unique for that organism!
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Scientific Names

• Helps eliminate confusion as to which organism
  you are dealing with.
• Thus the Mountain Lion is known as . . .
• Felis concolor

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Scientific Names

• Man Homo sapiens
• Dog Canis familiaris
• White Oak Tree Quercus alba
• House Cat Felis cattus
• The Rules of the Name
• Always binominal (2 parts)
• Genus and species
• Underline or italics
• Capitalize genus, species lower case

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Many (maybe even most) classification systems use
. . .

• 2 main domains
• Archaebacteria
• Everything else
• Along with 5 kingdoms

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The Five Kingdom System

• Monera
• Protista
• Fungi
• Animalia
• Plantae

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Small Things in All KingdomsBut Mostly Protists
and Monera
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Big Things in 3 Kingdoms
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Monera Kingdom

• Unicellular,microscopic
• No nucleus
• Prokaryotic
• Most Heterotrophic
• Saprophytic or parasitic
• Bacteria, Archaea
• Some Autotrophic
• Cyanobacteria

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Protista Kingdom

• Generally single celled microscopic
• Nucleus present
• Eukaryotic
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic

Amoeba
Euglena
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Fungi Kingdom

• Generally multi celled
• Nucleus present
• Eukaryotic
• Made up of hyphae
• No root, stem and leaf
• Heterotrophic
• Saprophytic or parasitic
• Sessile
• not move
• Reproduce by forming spores

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Plantae Kingdom

• Generally multi celled
• Nucleus present
• Eukaryotic
• Autotrophic
• photosynthesis
• Sessile
• Not move
• Can be divided into . .
• Non-flowering plants
• Flowering plants

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Animalia Kingdom

• Generally multi celled
• Nucleus present
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Mobile
• Divided into 9 major phyla
• Need to be able to identify by sight

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Animal Kingdom

• We are going to focus on the Animal kingdom and
  learn more about -
• If I have a backbone I am a
• VERTEBRATE
• If I do not have a backbone I am an
• -INVERTEBRATE

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The following are the nine major you will need to
know for the team test
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1. Porifera (Sponges)

• Don't have mouths
• have tiny pores in their outer walls through
  which water
• is drawn. Cells in the sponge walls
• Cells filter food from the water
• Water is pumped through the body unidirectionaly

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2. Coelenterata / Cnidaria

• Comb jellies, corals, jellyfish,
• sea anemones, sea pens,
• and freshwater hydra.
• Radially symmetrical
• One opening
• Mouth is surrounded by tentacles that are used
  to capture food, and opens into a cavity which is
  used for digestion.
• Specialized stinging cells

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3. Platyhelmethes (Flatworm)

• Long and flattened body
• Free living or parasitic
• One opening

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4. Nematode (Roundworms)
Long, cylindrical and body Most of them are
parasites
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5. Annelida (segmented worms)

• Long and segmented body
• Have chaetae for locomotion
• Two openings (mouth anus)

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6. Molluscs

• Snails, slugs, squid, octopi,
• and bivalves
• Soft and un-segmented body
• Most covered by a hard shell

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7. Arthropoda

• Segmented body
• Have a hard exoskeleton and several pairs of
  jointed legs
• Divided into 4 classes
• - Crustaceans
• - Arachnids
• - Myriapods
• - Insects

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8. Echinodermata

• Starfish, Brittle Stars, Sea Urchins Sea
  Cucumbers
• Marine animals with 5-radial plan body
• Have external spines

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9. Chordata

• Notochord
• Bilateral symmetry
• All Vertebrates and a few inverts are included in
  this group

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Which kingdom does each organism belong to?
                                                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                                                 
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The Insect Orders

• Most diverse group of animals on the planet
• Arthropods
• 3 body segments exoskeleton

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The Insect Orders

• Know These
• 1. Orthoptera (grasshoppers crickets)
• 2. Coleoptera (beetles)
• 3. Lepidoptera (butterflies moths)
• 4. Diptera (flies mosquitoes)
• 5. Hymenoptera (ants, wasps bees)
• 6. Hemiptera (true bugs stink bug, boxelder)
• 7. Homoptera (sub order of Hemiptera) (aphids
  cicadas)
• 8. Odonata (dragonflies)
• 9. Isoptera (termites)
• 10. Ephemeroptera (mayflies and shadflies
  short lived)
• 11. Plecoptera (stoneflies)
• 12. Mecoptera (scorpionflies)
• 13. Trichoptera (caddisflies)

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1. Orthoptera (grasshoppers crickets)

• Two pairs of wings
• Hind wing is membranous
• held under the forewings when at rest.
• Mandibulate mouth parts
• Large compound eyes,
• Hind legs are elongated for jumping.

Grasshopper
Cricket
Katydid
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The Common Field Cricket
Ovipositor for laying eggs
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2. Coleopetra (beetles)

• Hardened shield-like forewings protect flying
  wings
• 3 segments usually easy to ID.

Giant Click Beetle
Japanese Beetle
Lady Bug
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3. Lepidoptera (butterflies moths)

• 2 pairs of large showy wings
• Caterpillar
• Butterflies
• daytime
• Moths
• mostly night

Hawk Moth
Sulfur or Cabbage Butterfly
Monarch Butterfly
Skipper Butterfly
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Polyphemus Moth
Lunar Moth
Clearwing Hummingbird Moth
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4. Diptera (flies mosquitoes)

• 1 pair wings
• Large eyes
• Maggot

Flesh Fly
House Fly
Mosquito
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5. Hymenoptera (ants, wasps bees)

• 2 pairs wings
• Narrow waist
• stinger

Wasp
Honey Bee
Ant
Bumble Bee
Paper Wasp Pest
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6. Hemiptera (true bugs)

• Triangular shield on back
• Wings

Sting Bug
Wheel Bug
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7. Homoptera (aphids cicadas)
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8. Odonata (dragonflies damselflies)

• Large active hunters
• 2 pairs wings
• Fast fliers
• Large eyes

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9. Isoptera (termites)
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10. Ephemeroptera - mayflies
Notice the three tails on adult and nymph.
Mayflies have three and stoneflies have two.
Insects in the order Ephemeroptera usually live
in water as a nymph or larvae for a year or more
and then emerge as an adult and live for a matter
of hours or days
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Plecoptera (stoneflies)
All species of Plecoptera are intolerant of water
pollution and their presence in a stream or still
water is usually an indicator of good or
excellent water quality. Note the two tails
stoneflies have two tails while mayflies have
three
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Mecoptera (scorpionflies)
scorpionflies and hanging flies Mecopterans
are overwhelmingly predators or consumers of dead
organisms
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Trichoptera (caddisflies)
The larvae of many species make protective cases
of silk decorated with gravel, sand, twigs or
other debris. The name "Trichoptera" comes from
Greek ???? (thrix, "hair") pte??? (pteron,
"wing").
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