White Blood Cell Abnormalities

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White Blood Cell Abnormalities

• Laboratory Procedures

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Let us recall what looks Normal.
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Some terminology for morphology

• -penia decreased number of cells in the blood
  (Neutropenia, lymphopenia).
• -philia or cytosis increased number of cells in
  the blood (neutrophilia, lymphocytosis).
• Macrocytosis larger than normal cells
• Microcytosis smaller than normal cells
• Anisocytosis cells that are unequal in size
• Left shift presence of immature neutrophils in
  blood.

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Nuclear Hyposegmentation

• Can be found in cells that contain lobulated or
  segmented nuclei.
• Which cells would this be?
• What could this indicate?

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Pelger-Huet Anomaly

• Hyposegemented neutrophils that function
  normally.
• Hereditary disorder failure of the nucleus in
  mature cells to undergo segmentation.

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Nuclear Hypersegmentation

• Recall what can cause this.

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Toxic Neutrophils

• Characterized by ctyoplasm basophilia, Dohle
  bodies, toxic granulation, and/or foamy
  cytoplasm.
• Cells have decreased functional abilities.
• Animal with toxic, degenerative shift may be
  compromised by lack of adequate cell number and
  decrease ability of cells to function.

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Dohle Bodies

• Blue cytoplasmic inclusions.
• Low numbers may be found in healthy cats.
• Indicates toxicity in other species.

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Normal vs. Toxic Neutrophils
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Intracytoplasmic Neutrophil Inclusions

• Found in neutrophils of animals with certain
  infectious diseases.
• Ehrlichia species.

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Atypical or Reactive Lymphocytes

• Contain azurophilic granules.
• Generally associated with disease such as
  ehrlichiosis
• May have cleaved nuclei
• May have increased cytoplasm
• May have increased basophilia in cytoplasm
• Changes caused by antigenic stimulation secondary
  to vaccination or infection.

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Lysosomal Storage Disorders

• Rare
• Inherited disease where substance is abnormally
  is stored within the cells due to enzyme
  deficiency.
• Can cause skeletal or neurologic disorders
• May contain vacuoles or certain granules.

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Birman Cat Neutrophil Granulation Anomaly

• Contain fine eosinophilic to magenta granules.
• Inherited autosomal-recessive trait
• Neutrophil function is normal and cats are
  healthy.

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Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

• Neutrophils in cats have large fused lysosomes
  within the cytoplasm.
• Stain pink or eosinophilic.
• May have tendency to bleed because platelet
  function is abnormal.
• Generally are healthy cats.

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Smudge Cells

• May be called basket cells
• Degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured.
• Small numbers are not considered significant.
• May be artifact when blood is held too long.
• May be associated with leukemia.

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