The Muscular and Nervous Systems

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The Muscular and Nervous Systems
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The Muscular System

• Muscles contribute to the outward appearance of
  animals and are essential for movement, posture,
  breathing, circulation, digestion, and many other
  functions

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Muscular System

• Types of muscle fibers
• Smooth
• Cardiac
• Skeletal

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Types of Muscle
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The Muscular System

• Muscles are classified as being voluntary or
  involuntary
• Voluntary muscles are those that can be
  contracted or relaxed at will
• Involuntary muscles are regulated by the nervous
  and endocrine systems

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Functional Unit of the Muscle

• Sarcomere
• fundamental functional unit of striated muscle
  (skeletal and cardiac)
• http//highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/s
  tudent_view0/chapter10/animation__sarcomere_contra
  ction.html

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The Nervous System

• The nervous system is a complex network that
  regulates most activities of the body,
  coordinates movements, and relays sensations

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The Nervous System

• Two major divisions
• central nervous system
• Brain and spinal cord
• peripheral nervous system
• Nerves throughout body for sensory and motor
  control

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The Nervous System

• Nerve cells are called neurons
• Dendrite
• Axon
• Synapse

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The Nervous System

• The brain controls most activities of the body,
  both voluntary and involuntary
• Major divisions
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Diencephalon
• Brain stem

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Major Divisions of the Nervous System

• Cerebrum
• Divided into the L and R hemispheres
• Connected by corpus callosum
• Functions in determining intelligence and
  personality thinking perceiving language
  motor function planning and organizing touch
  sensation

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Major Divisions of the Nervous System

• Cerebellum
• Back of brain
• Functions in maintenance of balance and posture
  coordination of voluntary movements motor
  learning cognitive functions (language)

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Major Divisions of the Nervous System

• Diencephalon
• Include hypothalmus, thalmus, and epi- and
  subthalmus
• Functions to direct sense impulses throughout
  body autonomic (involuntary/PNS), motor, and
  endocrine control homeostasis and touch
  sensation

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Major Divisions of the Nervous System

• Brain stem
• Stem-like part of the base of the brain connected
  to spinal cord
• Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla
  oblongata
• Functions to control the flow of messages
  between the brain and body control breathing,
  swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure,
  consciousness and identify if one is awake/alert
  or tired/sleepy

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The Nervous System

• Composition
• Gray matter is formed by the aggregation of the
  cell bodies of neurons
• White matter is composed of myelinated nerve cell
  processes

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The Nervous System

• Function
• Gray Matter muscle control sensory perceptions,
  such as seeing and hearing memory emotions and
  speech
• White Matter relays sensory information from the
  rest of the body to the cerebral cortex
  regulates autonomic functions (body temperature,
  heart rate and blood pressure) expression of
  emotions and regulation of food and water intake