US FOREIGN POLICY

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US FOREIGN POLICY FROM 1920 TO 1941
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Foreign Policy Tensions
Interventionism
Disarmament

• Isolationism
• Nativists
• Anti-War movement
• Conservative Republicans

• Collective security
• Wilsonianism
• Business interests

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American Isolationism

• Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to
  allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty.
• Security treaty with France also rejected by the
  Senate.
• July, 1921 ? Congress passed a resolution
  declaring WW I officially over!

Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. R-MA
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Washington Naval Conference

• Four-Power Pact (December 13, 1921).
• Britain, France, Japan and the United States
  agreed to submit disputes among themselves over
  Pacific issues to a conference for resolution.
• Pledged mutual respect for the possessions and
  mandates of other signatories (participants) in
  the Pacific.

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Washington Naval Conference

• Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (February 6,
  1922).
• The leading naval powers, Britain, France, Italy,
  Japan and the United States pledged adherence to
  limitations on the tonnage of capital ships and
  accepted a moratorium on new naval construction.
  5-3-1 ration
• Britain could only have 1 ship for every 3 ships
  in Japan, and Japan could only have 3 ships for
  every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain, U.S. and Japan
  agreed to dismantle some existing vessels to meet
  the ratio.

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Washington Conference

• Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (February 6,
  1922).
• Agreed on a series of rules for the use of
  submarines in future warfare and also outlawed
  the use of poisonous gases as a military weapon.
  

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Washington Conference

• Nine-Power Treaty (February 6, 1922).
• Big Four, plus Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands,
  Portugal and China endorsed the Open Door Policy
  and pledged mutual respect for Chinese
  territorial integrity and independence.
• In the following months, the U.S. Senate ratified
  all of the treaties from the Washington
  Conference.

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Kellog Briand Pact

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing
  war as an an instrument of national policy, and
  was further notable for the following
• The pact was signed in August 1928 by 15 nations.
• In the following months, more than 60 countries
  joined in this renunciation of war.
• The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee
  studied the matter and issued a report that
  maintained that the pact did not impair the
  nations ability to act to protect the Monroe
  Doctrine.
• US Senate ratified this treaty.

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Kellog Briand Pact
Afghanistan Finland Peru
Albania Guatemala Portugal
Austria Hungary Rumania
Bulgaria Iceland Russia
China Latvia Kingdom of the Serbs
Cuba Liberia Croats and Slovenes
Denmark Lithuania Siam
Dominican Republic Netherlands Spain
Egypt Nicaragua Sweden
Estonia Norway Turkey
Ethiopia Panama
Additional countries which join by July 24,
1929. Persia, July 2, 1929 Greece, August 3,
1929 Honduras, August 6, 1929 Chile, August 12,
1929 Luxemburg August 14, 1929 Danzig,
September 11, 1929 Costa Rica, October 1, 1929
Venezuela, October 24, 1929.
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Kellog Briand Pact

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing
  war as an an instrument of national policy, and
  was further notable for the following
• Major problems with this treaty
• No enforcement mechanism was provided for
  changing the behavior of warring signatories.
• The agreement was interpreted by most of the
  signatories to permit defensive war.
• No expiration date was provided.
• No provision existed for amending the agreement
  was included.

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FDRs Good Neighbor Policy

• Important to have all nations in the Western
  Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions.
• FDR ? The good neighbor respects himself and the
  rights of others.
• Policy of non-intervention and cooperation.

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Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine(1932)

• US would not recognize any territorial
  acquisitions that were achieved by force.
• Japan was infuriated because the US hadconquered
  new territories a few decades earlier.
• Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932 ? massive
  casualties.

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FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933)

• FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster
  the US against Japan.
• Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US
  economy during the Depression.

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Ludlow Amendment (1938)

• A proposed amendment to the Constitution that
  called for a national referendum on any
  declaration of war by Congress.
• Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow.
• Never actually passed.

Congressman Louis LudlowD-IN
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Neutral
NEUTRALITY ACTS

• 1935 prohibited arms shipments to all
  belligerent countries.
• 1936 forbid loans to all belligerents
• 1939 prohibited Americans from traveling on
  ships of belligerent nations

• FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by
  protecting democracies and preparing the US for
  war..BUT TRYING TO REMAIN ISOLATED AND NEUTRAL

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• 1939 Cash Carry Program Any nation can buy from
  US as long as they pay cash and Carry it back to
  Europe
• 1940 Destroyer for Bases deal - Brits need
  submarine hunters, US has a bunch of old
  destroyers in dry dock.
• US trades the Brits the ships for leases and
  bases in the Caribbean
• FDR talking neutrality but prepares for war

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Neutral
NEUTRALITY ACTS

• Americans wanted to remain neutral.
• America First Committee
• Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
• Feb. 21, 1940 If Germany is defeating England
  France, should the U.S. declare war on Germany
  and send our Army and Navy to Europe to fight
  against Hitler? Yes 23 No 77

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LEND LEASE
LEND LEASE

• RENTING, LEASING, GIVING BRITAIN AND LATER SOVIET
  UNION AND CHINA, MILITARY WEAPONS TO ARM THEM
  AGAINST THE GERMANS AND JAPANESE
• FDRs FINAL ATTEMPT TO REMAIN NEUTRAL!
• USA BECOMES THE ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY
• If your neighbors house is on fire you lend
  them a garden hose, you do not ask when you are
  going to get it back FDR

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U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941, US becomes the
arsenal of democracy
Great Britain.........................31
billionSoviet Union...........................11
billionFrance...................................
... 3 billionChina..............................
.........1.5 billionOther European..............
...500 millionSouth America...................4
00 millionThe amount totaled 48,601,365,000
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lend lease
US offered Lend Lease as a last defense to stay
out of war. It was given to Britain during the
Battle of Britain in 1940, the Soviet Union after
Hitlers invasion in 1941 and China. The US
became the arsenal of democracy.
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atlantic1
ATLANTICC CHARTER

• FDR and Winston Churchill meet on the USS Augusta
  in the North Atlantic to sign the Atlantic
  Charter, August 12, 1941.

• They met together to make known certain common
  principles of their respective countries on which
  they base their hopes for a better futurefor the
  world.

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atlantic1
ATLANTICC CHARTER
FIRST, we seek not conquest of land or
territory.. SECOND, no territorial changes of
land between nations. THIRD, Restoration of
sovereign rights and self-government FOURTH,
Access to raw materials for all FIFTH, World
economic cooperation SIXTH, Freedom from fear
and want SEVENTH, freedom of the seas EIGHTH,
Disarmament of aggressors NINTH, a United Nations
for world peace.
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WWII Military Leaders
PEARL HARBOR ATTACK

• Captain Mitsuo Fuchida
• Led the attack at Pearl Harbor.
• Tora, Tora, Tora
• Attack, Attack, Attack

• Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
• Commander of the Japanese Navy
• Responsible for the success of the Japanese
  attack of Pearl Harbor.

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DAY OF INFAMY

• In less than 2 hours, the Pacific Fleet lost two
  battleships, six others were heavily battered and
  nearly a dozen lesser vessels put out of action.
• More than 150 planes were wrecked over 2,300
  servicemen were killed and 1,100 wounded.
• Blame was widespread, both on the Officials in
  Washington and on the Admiral and the General in
  Hawaii.

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• After FDRs Day of Infamy speech asking for a
  declaration of war against Japan, Congress
  approved the declaration.
• FDR signed the declaration of war against Japan
  on Dec. 8, 1941