Cold War Patterns

1
Cold War Patterns

• Anti communism
• Anti colonialism
• Western Economic Cooperation

2
Scientific and Tech AdvancesEnvironmental Decline

• Transportation and Communication
• Computer Advances
• Genetics Medical Advances
• Environmental Issues
• Depletion of Non renewable energy sources
• Oil minerals
• Pesticides DDT
• Nuclear energy

3
United States Economic Dominance

• Allied powers formed the IMF World Bank GATT
• International Monetary Fund
• to encourage international economic growth and
  free trade
• World Bank
• International Bank of Reconstruction and
  Development
• GATT
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
• Created to reduce tariffs and other trade
  barriers
• Particularly important to the United States

4
World ModernizationEconomic Disparity

• From 1960 to 1990 consistent decline in income
  for the poorest nations
• The IMF and Creditor-Debtor Relationship
• Money lending to developing nations
• Debt increased
• IMF demands
• Domestic financial reforms
• Politically unpopular austerity programs
• Balanced budgets
• More private enterprise

5
Food Famine Post WWII

• World per capita food production increased
• Poverty malnourishment increased
• 1980s Philippines
• ½ the crops exported by mostly U.S. Corporations
• Most children there were malnourished

http//www.unicef.org/philippines/Fahad-before-and
-after-low.jpg
6
Famine

• 1970-80s
• China
• Bangladesh
• India
• Cambodia
• The Sahel (South of the Sahara)
• Eastern Africa
• Southern Africa
• 1982 UNICEF estimated 40,000 children died/day
• Hunger related disease, poor health, poor
  sanitation

7
(No Transcript)
8
Dispossession

• Peasants forced from land they once farmed, as
  corporations converted it to the production of
  export crops
• Peasants migrated into cities, creating slums
• Latin America 1980s 10 of landowners owned 90
  of the farm land, Majority of peasants owned none
  at all.

9
Growing Economic Interdependence

• Growing power of multinational corporations
  lessened control of individual nations over their
  own economies
• Businesses increasingly operated on a Global
  scale
• Chase Manhattan
• Standard Oil
• United Fruit Company
• McDonalds, KFC
• Growing service sector of the world economy

10
Rebellions Conflicting Ideologies

• International Anti-Colonial movement
• Rebellion against white male control Hegemony
• Africa
• Asia
• Latin America
• United States

11
Socialism Anti-Communism

• Western Europe
• Dominated by moderate socialist or moderate
  conservative parties
• Socialists favored sweeping social welfare
  measures, less hostile towards the Soviet Union,
  willing to grant independence to colonies
• Overall, heirs of the progressive tradition of
  support for civil rights individual liberties

12
United States Conservativism

• United States
• Socialism repressed dismantled by the
  government
• Split between conservatives and liberals
• Progressives wanted government to protect civil
  rights of the minorities and address needs of the
  poor, were sympathetic to peaceful co-existence
  with the Soviet Union and China
• Conservatives sought more power for the
  government and executive on behalf of
  corporations and the wealthy

13
Anti-communism leaders

• Asia
• Africa
• Latin America
• Opposed communism, democracy, civil liberties
• Opposed to social reforms redistribution of
  property
• Military dictatorships Supported by the United
  States

14
Decolonization

• WWII weakened Western Imperialist Control
• Growing disenchantment with Imperialism in
  Western Nations
• Cost of maintaining an empire
• Depletion of resources
• Resistance of colonized
• Asia, Africa, Latin America
• Massive impoverishment

15
Soviet Union U.S.

• Sent economic and military aid, military
  advisers, troops in covert operations to support
  friendly governments or political factions
• Many new leaders feared being trapped in
  neo-imperialism by cooperating with superpowers
• Also feared being trapped in imperial struggles
• When the elephants fight, its the grass that
  gets trampled
• Many 3rd world leaders formed a non-aligned or
  neutral nations

16
Policy of Non-alignment

• First Conference in 1961
• 1968, 101 nations took part in the 8th conference
• Called for new economic order to lessen economic
  disparity between nations and people
• To ensure "the national independence,
  sovereignty, territorial integrity and security
  of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle
  against imperialism, colonialism,
  neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign
  aggression, occupation, domination, interference
  or hegemony as well as against great power and
  bloc politics".

17
Gamal Abdel Nasser

•  1954 Overthrew a corrupt monarchy in Egypt
• King Farouq supported by Britain
• Promised to rescue Arab nations from imperialist
  domination
• Policy of non-alignment or neutralism

18
Nasserism the Eisenhower Doctrine

• Feared the spread of Nasserism throughout the oil
  rich middle east
• In 1957 the Eisenhower doctrine pledged to
  defend Middle eastern Countries against overt
  armed aggression from any nation controlled by
  international communism.
• Anti communist rhetoric supplied the
  justification for maintaining governments that
  supported the wests need for oil.
• International CIA Suppression

19
The Marshall Plan and NATO

• Institutions designed by the US to implement
  containment in Europe.
• Marshal Plan
• massive economic aid to western Europe.
• NATO
• military assistance/alliance involving the US and
  non-communist European nations to resist
  potential soviet military advance.
• To protect the economic interests of the United
  States and allies (western regional and
  international cooperation)

20
Warsaw Pact

• The soviet union reacted by creating the Warsaw
  Pact,
• military alliance with 7 European communist
  nations.
• Cold war division of Europe in place, 35 more
  years of stand off and fear of nuclear war.

21
United States Covert Operations

• Eisenhower the military budget was reduced,
  relying on nuclear capabilities and covert
  action.
• Elevated psychological warfare and informational
  programs into major cold war weapons
• Radio broad castes globally and programmed in
  more languages
• Covert Action economic leverage (embargo
  Trade Aid)
• The US Information Agency
• Coordinate anti communist informational and
  propaganda campaigns.

22
Covert Action and economic leverage

•  Shift of focus to 3rd world
• CIA covert action and economic leverage replaced
  overt military confrontation as its primary
  foreign policy
• Less expensive, less visible, less likely to
  provoke public controversy.
• Elevated psychological warfare and Information
  programs into weapons
• Funded radio free Europe

23
School of the Americas

• US offered 3 billion dollars in economic aid to
  friendly nations a year
• Trained 225,000 representatives from nations in
  anticommunism and police tactics
• Contributed to the development of military
  dictatorships

24
Algeria

• France not willing to grant independence
• The National Liberation Front fought a bloody war
  against the French (1954 1962)
• 1 million Algerians killed
• 1,000s of French casualties
• Divided French society in much the way Vietnam
  did the United States
• Colons were 10 of the population
• France established secret army to fight those who
  supported independence
• FLN attacked urban centers populated by Colons
• French bombed villages, removed families from the
  countryside, tortured suspects
• General De Gaulle took power in 1958 in France,
  negotiated
• Independence achieved 1962

25
1960s

• France granted all of West African colonies
  independence
• Senegal under Leopold Senghor
• Ivory Coast
• Nigeria, military president, Yukubu Gowan
• Military dictatorships predominated Maintained
  close economic ties with France

26
Africa Today

• United States Intervention
• USAFRICOM or AFRICOM
• Involved in 53 African Nations
• Operational by September 30, 2008
• Guise of Anti-terrorism
• Fighting terrorism world wide
• Spreading democracy and western institutions