There is always a problem

1
There is always a problem
President Party Issues
Jackson 1828 Democrat Nullification, Indian Question, Natl Bank
Van Buren 1836 Democrat Bank, economic depression
Harrison - 1840 Whig Poor economy
Tyler 1841 Whig/Democrat Not Elected
Polk 1844 Democrat Western Expansion
Taylor 1848 Whig Expansion, slavery
Fillmore 1850 Whig Not Elected
Pierce 1852 Democrat Expansion of Slavery
Buchanan - 1856 Democrat Expansion of Slavery
2
The Coming of the Civil War

• Chapter 11
• differences
• political parties
• System fails
• Nation divides

3
Views on Slavery

• Antislavery views
• violates constitution and principles of U.S.
• violates Christianity
• all humans had the right to choose their own
  destiny
• slavery is evil
• Northerners remained prejudiced
• Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote?
• Uncle Toms Cabin

• Proslavery Views
• Northern Lies
• plantation households were large happy families
• planters take a personal interest in slaves
• Slaves could not function on their own
• Biblical reasoning

4
MISSOURI COMPROMISEMissouri and Maine have
applied for statehood

• Norths Starting Position
• Supports Missouri and Maine as free states
• Does not want slavery to expand to the western
  lands
• Opposes any solution that makes more slave states
  than free states

• Souths Starting Position
• Supports statehood for Missouri as a slave state
• Believes slaveholders have the right to settle
  the new territory
• Opposes any solution that makes more free states
  than slave states

5
Missouri Compromise

• Slavery in new lands would be a huge issue
• Started in Louisiana Territory
• Missouri Compromise
• Missouri would be a slave state
• Maine would be a free state
• Line of Latitude would decide the rest of the
  West
• 36 30 North Lat.
• managed to keep balance in Senate
• did not solve the issue of slavery for future
  lands

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Political Changes

• Election of 1836 - Martin Van Buren
• Election of 1840 -
• William Henry Harrison/John Tyler
• Election of 1844 - James K. Polk
• Election of 1848 - Slavery becomes the Issue
• Democrat - Lewis Cass (pop. Sov.)
• Whigs - Zachary Taylor (slave owner from LA)
• Free-Soil Party - Martin Van Buren (ban)
• Free Soil Party won 10 of votes and 13
  congressional seats
• success of FS Party showed slavery was issue

8
Compromise of 1850Congress is in an uproar over
California and slavery.

• Norths Position
• California as Free State
• Ban slavery in new territories (Utah and New
  Mexico
• End slave trade in Washington DC
• Oppose any fugitive slave law

• Souths Position
• Opposes allowing free states to gain a majority
  in the senate
• Believes slavery must be allowed in the new
  territories
• Believes Congress has no power to regulate
  slavery
• Demands a strong fugitive slave law

9
Compromise of 1850
Background California applies for Statehood What
is threatened? Equal balance of slave and free
states

• The Compromise of 1850
• CA is admitted as a free state
• in Utah and New Mexico?
• popular sovereignty will decide
• Sale of slaves abolished in Washington DC
• Fugitive Slave Act requires all citizens to?
• return escapees

• The Effects
• Compromise is temporary solution
• issue of slavery in new territories not solved
• North and South not satisfied

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New Political Parties - 1854

• American Party?
• Formerly Know-Nothings
• Nativists
• Anti Slavery
• Anti Catholic

• Republican
• Anti-Slavery
• support Nativism
• Replaced American Party

12
THE CIVIL WAR

• Compromises failed to solve the political and
  economic differences between the North and South
• Violent outbreaks over the slavery issue would
  lead to a devastating division of the States

13
Kansas Nebraska Act/Bleeding Kansas

• Stephen Douglas - D - Senator from IL
• wanted Chicago to benefit from western
  development
• wanted to be President
• Kansas-Nebraska Act
• forget the Missouri Compromise and use Popular
  Sovereignty

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Bleeding Kansas

• Bleeding Kansas?
• Free Soilers - Antislavery settlers from the
  North
• Border Ruffians - Missouri settlers who crossed
  line
• John Brown - murder at Pottawatomie Creek
• killed 5 men with swords in front of families
• LeCompton Constitution?
• - made KS proslavery

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Bleeding Sumner

• Charles Sumner?
• Radical Republican
• verbally attacked Southerners in the Senate
  including Andrew Butler of South Carolina
• Preston Brooks?
• Representative from South Carolina
• Nephew of Butler
• Attacked Sumner during a session of the Senate
• Reaction of the People

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Dred Scott CaseSupreme Court is considering the
case of a slave who is suing for his freedom.

• Souths position?
• Scott was born a slave, not a citizen, and has no
  right to sue
• Scott returned to Missouri with his owner as a
  slave
• Under the Constitution, Congress cannot make laws
  that deny people the use of their property
  anywhere, including the territories.

• Norths position?
• Constitution does not limit citizenship to white
  people
• By taking Scott to a free territory, his owner
  gave up his right to treat Scott as a slave
• Congress can make laws banning slavery in
  territories

20
Dred Scott Case

• Dred Scott Vs. Sandford
• Decision? - Chief Justice Roger Taney - Judicial
  Review
• 1. Scott not a citizen -- could not sue anyone
• 2. Scott was property
• 3. Congress had to protect the right of the slave
  owner
• 4. Congress could not ban slavery anywhere -
  Missouri Compromise is Unconstitutional

21
John Browns Raid

• October 16, 1859
• Harpers Ferry United States Arsenal
• Brown and followers, including 2 African
  Americans
• Dreamed of taking weapons and supplying to Slaves
  for Rebellion
• Failed Raid
• Colonel Robert E Lee Captured Brown

22
Lincoln-Douglas Debates - 1858
23
It is the eternal struggle between these two
principles right and wrong throughout the
world. They are the two principles that have
stood face to face from the beginning of time
and will ever continue to struggle. The one is
the common right of humanity, and the other the
divine right of kings. It is the same principle
in whatever shape it develops itself. It is the
same spirit that says, "You toil and work and
earn bread, and I'll eat it." No matter in what
shape it comes, whether from the mouth of a king
who seeks to bestride the people of his own
nation and live by the fruit of their labor, or
from one race of men as an apology for enslaving
another race, it is the same tyrannical
principle.
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From 1st Lincoln/Douglas Debate, 1858 I have
never said anything to the contrary, but I hold
that notwithstanding all this, there is no reason
in the world why the negro is not entitled to all
the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration
of Independence, the right to life, liberty and
the pursuit of happiness. I hold that he is as
much entitled to these as the white man. I agree
with Judge Douglas he is not my equal in many
respects---certainly not in color, perhaps not in
moral or intellectual endowment. But in the right
to eat the bread, without leave of anybody else,
which his own hand earns, he is my equal and the
equal of Judge Douglas, and the equal of every
living man. From 4th Lincoln/Douglas Debate,
1858 I will say then that I am not, nor ever have
been in favor of bringing about in anyway the
social and political equality of the white and
black races - that I am not nor ever have been in
favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor
of qualifying them to hold office, nor to
intermarry with white people and I will say in
addition to this that there is a physical
difference between the white and black races
which I believe will forever forbid the two races
living together on terms of social and political
equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live,
while they do remain together there must be the
position of superior and inferior, and I, as much
as any other man, am in favor of having the
superior position assigned to the white race. I
say upon this occasion I do not perceive that
because the white man is to have the superior
position the negro should be denied everything.
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Election of 1860

• Candidates and Party?
• Southern Democrat - John Breckenridge - KY
• Northern Democrat - Stephen Douglas - IL
• Constitutional Union Party - John Bell - TN
• Republican - Abe Lincoln - IL
• Results?
• Lincoln won majority in the Electoral College
• Lincoln only won 40 of popular vote
• Received no votes from the south
• Reaction by South?
• South outraged that a President could be elected
  without any southern votes
• proving further that the South did not have any
  power in the US Government

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Summary of Causes

• Causes?
• Regional Differences between North and South
• Growth of belief in political philosophy of
  States Rights
• Dependence on Cotton in the South
• Different rates of industrialization
• Question of Slavery in the New Territories
• Growth and spread of Slavery
• Growth of Abolition Movement
• Congressional Compromises unable to settle
  differences
• Abe Lincoln, an antislavery Republican, is
  elected President
• Secession

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SecessionAfter Lincolns election, the slave
states are talking about leaving the Union

• Norths Position?
• Slavery is immoral and must not be allowed to
  expand
• Secession is illegal, once a state always a
  state.
• The union must be preserved we will fight to
  keep it together

• Souths Position?
• Slavery is moral and must be allowed to expand
• A state comes into the union by its own free
  choice and may secede by its own free choice
• The Southern way of life must be preserved we
  will secede if our rights are threatened

29
Secession

• South Carolina Seceded - December 20, 1860
• Lower South seceded
• Confederate States of America
• President?
• Jefferson Davis
• Fort Sumter, South Carolina
• U.S. Fort
• Lincoln Ordered resupply of Fort

30
Jefferson Davis

• President of the Confederacy
• attended West Point
• very stubborn, wasted a lot of time arguing
• Secretary of War under Franklin Pierce
• respected for honesty and courage

31
Abraham Lincoln

• President of the United States of America
• little experience in national politics
• very little experience in military affairs
• patient
• accepted criticism
• BRILLIANT

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SIDES OF THE CIVIL WAR

• South - believed they had the right to leave the
  Union
• Advantages?
• Experienced outdoorsman
• defensive strategy
• Fighting for belief of self-government and way of
  life
• military leaders
• hope of foreign help
• Disadvantages?
• few factories
• small population - 9 mill.

• North - believed they had to save the Union
• Advantages?
• population - 21.5 Million
• provides more soldiers and workers
• money (GNP) - 1.62 Billion
• industry more production
• strong government
• navy
• Disadvantages?
• had to invade
• unfamiliar land

33
Civil War Firsts

• Bullets
• Repeating Rifles
• Telescopic Scopes
• Cannisters/Shells
• Landmine Fields
• Flame Throwers
• Naval Torpedoes
• Aerial Reconaissance
• Workable MachineGun
• Gatling Gun
• Smoke Screen
• Taps
• Income Tax
• Gun Boat

34
Strategies and Early Battles

• Union Strategy?
• Anaconda Plan
• Blockade Ports
• to prevent South from trading
• Control Mississippi
• Seize Richmond

• Confederate Strategy?
• Defensive War
• prepare and wait
• War of Attrition
• push back enemy until they lose will to fight
• Hope for European Aid

35
Robert E. Lee

• 2 Grad at West Point
• Home is where Arlington National Cemetery is
• Lee refused Lincolns Request to lead Union
  Troops
• Led Confederate Troops

36
Ulysses S. Grant

• Most determined General in the Civil War
• Never Gave Up
• Had the most success of the Union Forces
• Was put in Charge of troops in the West
• Would become Commander of all Union Troops after
  Battle of Vicksburg

37
Battle of Bull Run

• 1st Major Battle of the Civil War
• Bull Run Creek (N)/Manassas (S), Virginia
• Spectator Show - Picnic
• General Irvin McDowell Led Union Troops
• General Thomas Stonewall Jackson Led
  Confederate Troops
• Action and Results
• Confederate Victory - did not follow Union troops
  to Washington D.C.
• both sides realized theyre unorganized
• Lincoln appointed General George McClellan to
  lead
• New Technologies were recognized

38
Fighting in the East

• Monitor vs. Merrimack - Battle of the Ironclads
• Blockade
• 2nd Bull Run
• McClellan Replaced with Gen. John Pope
• Gen. Lee and Jackson joined to attack
• Union loss
• McClellan put back in charge

39
War in the West
40
War in the West

• 1862 Battle of Shiloh - Located on Tennnessee
  River
• Proving ground for Grant
• Stepping Stone to winning the Mississippi
• More Americans Killed at Shiloh than all American
  Wars combined 25,000

41
Battle of Antietam Sept. 1862

• Sharpsburg, MD
• First attempt to attack the north
• hoped to spur European support
• Hoped Maryland would change sides
• Union lost more men
• claimed victory because
• Confederates had to withdraw
• Antietam was the bloodiest day of the Civil War.
  Almost four times the Americans died at Antietam
  than at the beaches of Normandy in WWII. In the
  entire Civil War, there were about 625,000
  deaths. In one day of battle, almost 23,000 men
  died.

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The Emancipator
43
Emancipation Proclamation

• January 1, 1863
• After Battle of Antietam
• Only freed slaves in Confederacy
• Europeans supported the Proclamation
• African Americans begin to fight
• 54th Massachusetts Regiment
• Glory

44
Life Behind the Lines

• NORTH BOTH SOUTH

• Most industries boom
• African Americans join Army after Emancipation
  Proclamation is issued
• Lincoln places some areas in border states under
  military law to prevent them from joining
  Confederacy

• Soldiers suffer from poor medical care and
  unsanitary conditions
• opposition to draft
• women take on new responsibilities as men fight

• Local officials sometimes refused to cooperate
  with Confederate Government
• people faced severe food shortages as production
  declines
• short supply of goods, prices rise dramatically

45
Southern Victories

• Robert E. Lee - Confederate General
• Fredericksburg
• one of the worst Union defeats
• Union - Gen. Ambrose Burnside (Sideburns)
• Chancellorsville
• Union - Gen. Joseph Hooker
• South won, but lost Jackson
• Lee decided to go on the offensive - went to
  Pennsylvania

46
Turning Point of the War

• Gettysburg, PA
• Cemetery Ridge
• Union dug in at top of ridge
• Pickets Charge
• failed attempt to take hill
• Confederate Loss
• would never enter North again
• Gettysburg Address
• dedication of cemetery to honor soldiers
• principles of liberty and equality
• purpose of Civil War was to protect these
  principles
• new birth of freedom

• Vicksburg, MS
• Final battle for control of Mississippi River
• Grant attempted 5 times before succeeding the 6th
• Union Victory gained control of the Mississippi

47
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
Four score and seven years ago, our fathers
brought forth upon this continent a new nation
conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal. Now
we are engaged in a great civil war. . .testing
whether that nation, or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated. . . can long endure. We are met
on a great battlefield of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field as a final
resting place for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this. But,
in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. . .we
cannot consecrate. . . we cannot hallow this
ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
struggled here have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will
little note, nor long remember, what we say here,
but it can never forget what they did here. It
is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated
here to the unfinished work which they who fought
here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is
rather for us to be here dedicated to the great
task remaining before us. . .that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure
of devotion. . . that we here highly resolve that
these dead shall not have died in vain. . . that
this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of
freedom. . . and that government of the people. .
.by the people. . .for the people. . . shall not
perish from the earth.
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Shermans March to the Sea

• Total War
• destroy opponents ability to fight
• destroy anything that may be useful to the
  military
• Shermans March
• Chattanooga, Atlanta, Savannah, Raleigh
• Destroyed everything in sight
• Gen. Joseph Johnston Surrendered at Durham
  Station,NC

War is cruelty. There is no use trying to
reform it. The crueler it is, the sooner it will
be over. WAR IS HELL!
49
Battle Sites in and Around Atlanta and Marietta
Fair Oaks House Gen. Johnstons HQ in Kennesaw
Battle of Atlanta
Atlanta Depot After March
Shaded Areas show battle areas
Gen. John Bell Hood
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Richmond and Appomattox Courthouse

• Grant Chases Lee from Washington D.C. to Richmond
• Lee Surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse, VA April
  9, 1865

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Effects of the Civil War

• Effects
• The Union is preserved
• slavery is abolished 13th Amendment
• over 500,000 soldiers are dead
• the South is left in ruins

55
Lincolns Assassination

• Election of 1864
• 13th Amendment
• End of Civil War
• Assassination
• April 14, 1865
• Fords Theater
• John Wilkes Booth
• Conspiracy

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RECONSTRUCTION

• Freedmen
• Plans for Reconstruction
• Effects of Reconstruction

58
Plans for Reconstruction

• Lincolns 10 Plan - too lenient
• Wade-Davis Bill - Lincoln used pocket veto
• Andrew Johnsons Plan - too lenient
• Black Codes - laws that placed severe
  restrictions on freed slaves such as prohibiting
  their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on
  juries, limiting their right to testify against
  white men, carrying weapons in public places and
  working in certain occupations
• codes meant to limit economic and political power
• Radical Reconstruction Radical Republicans
• Divided South into 5 military districts
• required Confederate States to write new
  constitutions
• must ratify 13th and 14th Amedments

59
Freedom to travel without restriction
Ability to form new organizations to help
themselves
What Freedom Meant to African Americans
Possibility of owning land
New opportunities for education
Freedom to worship in their own churches
60
Congressional Reconstruction Date
Legislation Purpose
61
How did life change after the Civil War
New types of farming such as sharecropping and
tenant farming are created.
Factories, railroads, and industry play a larger
economic role
Cities grow in importance and population
System of public education is created
62
CAUSES Slavery is abolished Small farmers lack
capital to buy land Planters need a stable work
force
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
EFFECTS Farmers are caught in a cycle of
debt Planters and merchants prosper Agricultural
focus shifts from food crops to cash crops
63
The End of Reconstruction

• Reconstruction Governments taxed and spent
  heavily creating debt
• Reconstruction came to symbolize greed,
  corruption and poor government
• As federal troops withdrew from the South,
  Freedmen rights were restricted
• Southern States blocked reconstruction policies
• Northern voters never fully supported racial
  equality

64
Election of 1876

• Why was the election controversial?
• Compromise of 1877

65
Reconstruction

• Successes
• Union is restored and rebuilding of south begun
• Southern economic growth is stimulated
• African Americans gain formal rights of
  citizenship and equal treatment
• Many black families helped in obtaining housing,
  jobs, and schooling

• Failures
• African Americans still lack property and
  economic opportunity
• Southern governments deny African Americans the
  right to vote
• JIM CROW LAWS
• Racist attitudes continue in both North and South
• Lasting Bitterness between north and south in the
  Federal Government

66
JIM CROW LAWS

• After Reconstruction, Southern Democrats passed
  laws to keep Blacks from voting
• Literacy tests
• Poll Taxes
• Grandfather Clause exempted anyone whose father
  or grandfather had been eligible to vote January
  ,1 1867

• Jim Crow Laws
• Southern laws that created racial separation
• segregation
• Plessy vs. Ferguson -1896
• Upheld Segregation
• Separate but Equal

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Who was Jim Crow?
68
Separate but Equal