Module 15 - 16

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Module 15 - 16

• Restructuring, Levels and Styles of Language

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• Restructuring
• Level of Language
• Style of Language

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• Restructuring is the changing of the form of a
  discourse without changing the content of the
  message specifically, to transform the raw
  results of the transfer process into a stylistic
  form appropriate to the receptor language and to
  the intended receptors. To get the appropriate
  form one should take into consideration the
  levels and styles of the language.

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• Restructuring
• Penerjemah harus melihat secara terperinci
• apakah
• Terjemahan kita sudah sesuai dengan audience
  design dan needs analysis.
• Terjemahan kita sudah sesuai dengan metode yang
  kita pilih

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• Levels of Language
• Within the basic structure of the language,
  there are always three fundamental levels
• The language of the specialists, e.g. the
  medicine man, the priest, the law man etc. which
  is called technical language.
• The language of the common people in their daily
  activities, which is called popular language.
• The language of the ordinary people, as opposed
  to an upper class or educated minority, which is
  called vulgar language. Although it is a
  universal phenomenon and known by all, it is not
  used in those circumstances in which it seems
  inappropriate.

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• Technical language and also literary language
  pertain to a definite field of specialization and
  are understood only by people specially trained.
  Because they are not understood by
  non-specialists, they have therefore an
  inappropriate impact intended for general
  readers, except in the passage, where their usage
  would be more in keeping with the content, for
  example, the use of such terms in the fields of
  medicine, science, politics, law, religion, etc.

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• Sometimes the press will use popular foreign
  terms or aphorisms and even leave them
  unexplained,
• e.g.
• rule of law, joint venture, to be or not to
  be, etc.
• These are all technical terms and they are
  restricted in use.
• As a general policy, the translator should
  produce as much as possible the popular forms of
  the language which are both understood and
  accepted by all who know Bahasa Indonesia.

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• As to the vulgar language, though it is a
  universal phenomenon and found in every language,
  it is nevertheless unacceptable for serious
  communication, and are therefore restrictive in
  use.
• Again, it is inappropriate to be used for
  general readers, except for the sake of special
  effects.

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• If, however, it is inevitable that one should
  use some technical terms, the terms should be
  described in the text by putting them between
  brackets, or explaining them in footnotes to be
  included on the page where the terms occur.
• In case of strong words, they should be
  euphemized to avoid negative connotations.
• When there are several choices of words in the
  range of popular language, one should choose the
  one that conforms best to the level of language
  intended, e.g. the word to die or to pass
  away which has several Indonesian equivalents.

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• Styles of Language
• Style is the characteristic mode of writing. It
  is the style which gives to a text its uniqueness
  and which relates the text personally to its
  author.

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• In translating, one must recognize certain quite
  different styles and attempt to produce something
  which will be a satisfactory dynamic equivalent.
  Lyric poetry should be said like poetry and not
  like an essay letters should read like letters
  and not like some technical treatise on theology.
  

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• Poetic language is used in poetry and song,
• in proverb, aphorisms, etc. Its main
• characteristics comprise
• Sound, as in rhyme, alliteration, assonance,
  rhythm, etc.
• Lexical choices.

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• There are at least two levels of meaning in
  poetic language
• Literal meaning, i.e. what the language is about
  on the surface. If the literal meaning is a play
  upon another quite distinct, literal meaning, we
  have a pun, e.g.
• A Youre up so early. What woke you?
• B The crack of dawn.

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• Figurative meaning, in which words are used out
  of their literal sense, or out of ordinary
  locutions. It may be that a poem has a highly
  individual second meaning which requires a key
  other than general cultural knowledge in order to
  understand.

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• Poetic language is used in poetry and song, in
  proverb, aphorisms, etc. Its main characteristics
  comprise
• a. Sound, as in rhyme, alliteration, assonance,
  rhythm, etc.
• b. Lexical choices.
• Lets take as an example a passage of
  Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene II,
  lines 40 - 46
• Tis but thy name that is my enemy.
• Thou art thyself, thou not a Montague.
• whats Montague ? It is nor hand, nor foot,
• Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part
• Belonging to a man. Oh, be some other name!
• whats in a name? That which we call a rose
• By any other name would smell as sweet.

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• The passage may be transferred and restructured
  as follows
• Hanya namamu yang jadi musuhku.
• Dikau adalah dikau, bukan Montague.
• Apa itu Montague? Bukan kaki, bukan tangan,
• Bukan wajah, bukan lengan, bukan apapun milik
  seorang.
• O, jadilah lain nama !
• Apakah hakekat nama, yang diberikan kepada
  sekuntum bunga mawar?
• Namakan apa sajakan tetap harum baunya.