Punctuation

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Punctuation
Question Marks
Semi-Colons
Back to Grammar
Full Stops
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Colons
Speech Marks
Exclamation Marks
Commas
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Grammar
Complex Sentences
Nouns
Back to Grammar
Chunks of Meaning
Auxiliary Verb
Back to Punctuation
Adverbs
Improving Sentences
Verbs
Connectives
Adjectives
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Auxiliary Verbs

• An auxiliary verb is also called a helper verb
• It comes before some verbs
• Not all sentences have an auxiliary

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Sentences with no auxiliary verb

• I played football last night
• I walk this way to school every day
• I like chocolate
• Can you identify the verbs in these sentences?

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Here are some sentences with missing auxiliary
verbs can you suggest replacements?

• I _____ walking along the dusty road.
• Tomorrow I ___ swim for my school.
• I __ very good at maths.
• Dad _____ the dishes because mum cooks the tea.
• I ___ spell all of the words on my list.

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Modals

• can, will, shall, could, would, should, may,
  might, must
• These are followed by the base form of a verb
• Use each of these in a sentence of your own-
• Can walk will try shall play could tidy would
  like should work may eat might choose must
  breathe

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Connectives

• Connectives are connecting adverbs that link
  ideas which may be in different sentences or
  paragraphs.
• They help to link your
• Ideas
• Sentences
• Paragraphs
• Connectives are used between paragraphs or
  between sentences in order to show a connection
  between one part of your writing and another.
• They make your writing more powerful.

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Connectives

• Using a whiteboard write down as many connectives
  as you can. Remember they need not just be single
  words some can be made up of a few words put
  together.
• What effect do the different connectives you have
  written down have on sentences they could be used
  in? Discuss this with your Talking Partner.

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Adding Connectives
and moreover too also as well as

• These add further information.
• e.g. He liked sausages as well as ice cream.
• Have a go at writing some of your own sentences
  using these connectives.

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Sequencing Connectives
before next first after then second third eventua
lly meanwhile finally firstly

• These help to develop the logical sequence of you
  ideas.
• They enable you to show chronological order.
• e.g. He went into the bathroom before he went
  downstairs.
• Write two sentences in your book that use a
  couple of these connectives.

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Emphasising Connectives
above all especially indeed in
particular notably significantly

• These help to highlight your ideas.
• e.g. He loved skating especially on a cold frosty
  day.
• Choose one of these connectives to write a really
  interesting sentence with.

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CAUSE AND EFFECT CONNECTIVES

• These connectives help to explain why something
  happens.
• e.g. The boy missed his bus and consequently was
  late for school.
• Try to explain why something happened using one
  of these connectives.

so because thus consequently therefore
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Creating Complex Sentences

• Splicing is when you join two sentences together
  without using a conjunction, semi-colon or even a
  full stop and capital letter.
• HINT Listen out for a pause when the sentence is
  read.
• e.g. David dragged his heels to the shop he was
  in a foul mood. (splice)
• David dragged his heels to the shop, he was in a
  foul mood. (comma splice)
• David dragged his heels to the shop because he
  was in a foul mood. (corrected with conjunction)
• David dragged his heels to the shop he was in a
  foul mood. (corrected with semi-colon)
• David dragged his heels to the shop. He was in a
  foul mood. (corrected with new sentence)

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Creating Complex Sentences

• Splicing is most commonly caused by using
  pronouns incorrectly.
• Common pronouns are
• I, you, it, she, he, we, they
• Common conjunctions are
• and, but, although, even though, yet,
• because, until, whereas, despite,
• whilst, so, since, as, after,
• so that, before, once, which

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Creating Complex Sentences

• Now correct these sentences using a different
  technique or conjunction each time.
• 1) Ali stepped cautiously onto the pad he
  couldnt believe what he saw.
• 2) Its amazing! exclaimed Anna she was
  completely taken aback.
• 3) I think it would be better to go home now we
  need to go to bed.
• 4) Adam was extremely pleased with his work Beth
  was completely disgusted.

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Creating Complex Sentences

• What is a complex sentence?
• A complex sentence is a two or more sentences
  joined together.
• They usually start with a compound sentence
• (2 sentences joined), but with added detail,
  using extra punctuation.
• HINT That last sentence was complex!

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Creating Complex Sentences

• We can add more detail to a sentence by adding a
  new phrase with commas, brackets or dashes.
• Have a look at the example below.
• Example
• It was a beautiful summers day as Alan paced
  towards the pier.
• It was a beautiful summers day as Alan, with his
  prize held high, paced towards the pier.
• It was a beautiful summers day (probably the
  hottest that year) as Alan paced towards the
  pier.
• It was a beautiful summers day as Alan paced
  -with a bounce in his step - towards the pier.

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Creating Complex Sentences

• We can add more information to a sentence by
  adding an embedded clause.
• For example
• The girl chose a good book
• becomes 
• The girl, who was sitting in the library, chose a
  good book.
• Have a go at completing some more of these.

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Chunks of Meaning
Words
Dog
Barked
Big

• Nouns
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• Adverbs

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Clauses
subject
verb
the big dog was barking
At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was
barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my
house.

• Words and phrases go together to make clauses
• A clause must always have a verb in
• It may also have other chunks, but as long as
• theres only one verb (or verb chain) its a
  single
• clause
• Clauses can be put together to make compound
• or complex sentences.

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Chunks of Meaning
Words
Dog
Barked
Big
Phrases
the big dog
was barking
in the garden
Clauses
subject
verb
the big dog was barking
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Chunks of Meaning
Words
Dog
Barked
Big
Phrases
was barking
the big dog
in the garden
Clauses
subject
verb
the big dog was barking
Sentences
At midnight last Wednesday, the big dog was
barking rather wistfully, in the garden behind my
house.
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Commas can also affect meaning
Sentence
Slow, children crossing.

• Go slowly there are children crossing the road.

Sentence
Slow children crossing.

• This is just describing that there are a group
  of slow
• children crossing something.

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Lets Practice
Our teacher Mr Elliot likes Tortoises a
lot. The human body is a fantastic thing which
we really take for granted but should really take
more care of. School is fun most of the time but
can sometimes be boring. The man ran down the
hallway not noticing the people behind him. When
you go to sleep you sometimes have dreams that
can turn into nightmares. She looked around
wondering if anyone was following her when she
saw a shadow behind her.
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Semi-colons

• Where should they go?

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Colons and Semi-colons

• Like commas and full tops they mark the places
  where you would pause when speaking.

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Each punctuation mark has a certain strength.
The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the
semi-colon. The colon is stronger than the
semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop.
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Semi-colon

• A semi-colon can sometimes be used to replace a
  full stop. It links two complete sentences and
  turns them into one. A semi-colon can sometimes
  be used to replace a full stop. It links two
  complete sentences and turns them into one.

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Heres how

• The door swung open a masked figure strode in.
• He never took any exercise consequently he
  became very fat.
• At the circus we saw a clown juggling with swords
  and daggers a lion who stood on a ball a fire
  eater with flashing eyes and an eight year old
  acrobat.
• She was very tired she had worked late the night
  before.

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Have a go!

• 1. The rabbit had been sadly neglected it was in
  an awful state.
• John opened the drawer it was empty.
• The wedding invitations have all been sent out
  two hundred guests are expected.
• Tom was very clever and worked hard he deserved
  to pass all his Sats.
• Sallys birthday is in November Johns is in
  September.

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Colons

• Where should they go?

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Colons and Semi colons

• Like commas and full tops they mark the places
  where you would pause when speaking.

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Each punctuation mark has a certain strength.
The comma is the weakest mark, then comes the
semi-colon. The colon is stronger than the
semi-colon, but weaker than the full stop.
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Colon

• A colon can sometimes be used to introduce lists.
  
• You need the following ingredients eggs, butter,
  flour, sugar and milk.

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Colons

• Are used in plays.
• Tom Dont forget to lock the door.
• Lisa I wont.
• Tom And close all the windows.

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Colons

• Can be used before direct speech, instead of a
  comma.
• To my amazement, I heard Mary say I am never
  coming back.

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Have a go!

• 1. I think I have remembered everything, string,
  nails, plywood, hammer and pliers.
• Remember the saying A stitch in time saves
  nine.
• All my tools were stolen a hammer, saw,
  screwdriver and wire cutters.
• I enjoy all subjects French, Spanish, English and
  Maths.
• Roald Dahl wrote many books James and the Giant
  Peach, Esio Trot and The Twits.
• I shall never forget his advice If you cant say
  something nice, dont say anything at all.

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Negative Prefixes
A prefix is added to the beginning of a word, or
to a word root to change its meaning. For example
adding un to pleasant becomes unpleasant. It
makes the original word an antonym (its opposite)
pleasant
Try these Move the un to the root word and see
what antonym you get
dress
decided
Un
cooked
acceptable
did
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Choose negative prefixes from the box to make
each of these words into antonyms.
In dis mis im il

• word roots
• justice
• polite
• approve
• behave
• possible
• sufficient
• literate
• colour
• trust
• honest

Can you think of any more examples of antonyms
containing these negative prefixes? Does it
change its spelling in each case?
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Use a dictionary and a thesaurus to help. On your
whiteboards write these word roots to make
antonyms. Work in pairs.

• Antonym using negative prefix

• Word
• experience
• logical
• mature
• regular
• possible
• complete
• legal
• reversible

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Show me your Whiteboards. How did you get
on? What did you learn?
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Their, There and Theyre
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Their

• Belonging to them

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There

• Over there

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Theyre

• They are

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Which one?

• How often do they tidy __________ mess up? Never!

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Which one?

• How often do they tidy their mess up? Never!

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Which one?

• _________ legs are so long, they can just walk
  over fences!

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Which one?

• Their legs are so long, they can just walk over
  fences!

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Which one?

• The Science Books are over _____.

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Which one?

• The Science Books are over there.

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Which one?

• __________ over __________! shouted Mr Studd.

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Which one?

• Theyre over there! shouted Mr Studd.

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Which one?

• __________ lazy! That is ______ rubbish over
  __________. .

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Which one?

• Theyre lazy! That is their rubbish over there.

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Punctuation

• Making Sense of Writing

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Capital Letters

• We need these to begin a new sentence.
• For proper nouns which are the names of people,
  places, book and film titles.
• Can you think of any proper nouns which need a
  capital letter?

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Proper Nouns

• Jenny, who lived in King Street, Manchester, had
  a pet frog who liked to jump in the air. She
  wrote a book about it called The Leaping Frog.

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Why do we need full stops?

• Full stops are needed to divide up sentences so
  that we know where to pause.
• They are used when we have finished saying one
  thing, and we are going on to say something else.

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Can you spot where we need full stops?

• Sean was eating a large pizza he was getting fed
  up with it he decided to give the rest to the
  dog the dog was happy

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Commas

• We need commas to separate items in a list.
• She had a ham sandwich, a drink, a jelly, and a
  chocolate bar for lunch.
• 
  

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Any other reason for commas?

• We also use commas to separate clauses in complex
  sentences.
• The boy was playing with a football, which had
  been signed by Wayne Rooney.

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Question marks

• Of course we use question marks when a question
  is asked. This often occurs when characters use
  speech.

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Can you all hear me?
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Speech marks

• We let the reader know when someone is speaking
  by putting speech marks around the spoken words.
• I will be on TV some day, announced Jimmy.
  Just you wait and see.

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Exclamation marks!

• Exclamation marks are used to emphasise meaning.
  It could be to -
• Give a word more strength
• Show someone is shouting
• Add a sense of urgency

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HELP!
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What shall we do now?

• First you must use capitals and full stops. Read
  it out loud to yourself. Identify each sentence.
• Have you used a capital for proper nouns?
• Check if you have long sentences or lists that
  need dividing up with commas.
• Have you used any questions? What do you need?
• Have you shown when a character is speaking?
• Do you wish to emphasise any words?

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CHECK PUNCTUATION.

• You will all have a punctuation check list.
• Use it every time you do a piece of writing.
• C . , ? ___ !

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The Mighty Apostrophe

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The apostrophe has 2 functions1. To replace
missing letters in contractions. 2. To show that
something belongs to someone. (possession)
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Contractions
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I am

• Im

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We are

• Were

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He is

• Hes

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Now try contracting these words.

• Can not
• She had
• They are
• He will
• We have

• Cant
• Shed
• Theyre
• Hell
• Weve

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Possession
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Apostrophes can also be used to show that
something belongs to someone else.

• Mr Elliots chair.

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Have a go at putting the apostrophes in the right
place.

• The pencil case that belonged to Megan.
• Megans pencil case.
• The drink that belonged to Jack
• Jacks drink.
• The book that belonged to Tiarna.
• Tiarnas book
• The rubber that belonged to Charles
• Charles rubber

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Improving sentences

• Objective to improve sentences by adding
• adjectives
• adverbs
• a prepositional phrase
• an embedded clause
• an ing and ed clause.

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Our basic sentence
A dog barked.
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Adding adjectives
What is an adjective and what is its job?
To describe the noun
A describing word
The adjective goes before the noun.
The dog barked.
The ferocious dog barked. The scruffy dog
barked. The aggravated dog barked
Now its your turn. Add an adjective.
The-----------------dog barked
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Adding adverbs
What is an adverb? What does it do?
Tells you how something is being done
It qualifies the verb
The ferocious dog barked.
The ferocious dog barked noisily. The ferocious
dog barked excitedly.
Now its your turn, how did the dog bark? Add an
adverb to your already improved sentence.
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Adding a prepositional phrase
What is a prepositional phrase ?
It tells you where or when something happened
Some examples are on, in, under, by, after,
through, during, beside
They can go at the beginning, in the middle or at
the end of the sentence.
The ferocious dog barked noisily.
The ferocious dog barked noisily through the hole
in the fence.
All through the night the ferocious dog barked
noisily.
The ferocious dog, in the back of the car, barked
noisily.
Can you add a prepositional phrase to the
beginning or end of your sentence?
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Embedding a clause a sandwich sentence
Adding in information between commas using who,
which, that, with. Use commas as the two slices
of bread and then put in the filling extra
information.
Put a , after the noun you are giving more
information about then the filling and close the
sandwich with another ,
The ferocious dog barked noisily through the hole
in the fence.
The ferocious dog,
,barked noisily through the hole in the
fence.
who was trying to scare away the burglars
The ferocious dog, who lived next door, barked
noisily through the hole in the fence. The
ferocious dog, that had just been injected,
barked noisily through the hole in the fence.
Embed a clause into your sentence.
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Adding an ing or ed clause
This is just another type of clause that you can
embed in your sentence. The clause you embed
begins with an ing or an ed word.
Put the , after the noun you are giving more
information about and after the filling!
,barked.
The dog,
running around in circles
The dog,
teased by the children
, barked.
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Putting it altogether!
Heres what we started with The dog barked.
And heres our improved sentence!
The ferocious dog, who was trying to scare away
the burglars, barked noisily through the hole in
the fence.
Lets hear some of your examples
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The game
Working in pairs Choose a basic sentence for both
of you to work with. Roll the dice and follow the
instructions. Let your partner check your new
sentence. Score 1point if you correctly add an
adjective. 1 point if you correctly
add an adverb 2 points if you
correctly add a prepositional phrase
2 points if correctly embed a clause.
Add up all the points if you get the chance to
shine! The winner is the person with the highest
number of points when time is called.
On the dice 1add an adjective 2 add an
adverb 3 add a prepositional phrase 4 embed a
clause. 5 chance to shine.
Sentences to improve The boy ran. The sun
shone. The horse galloped. The candle
flickered. The crowd cheered. The cat climbed.
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Time to show what you know!
The wolf howled.
Can you add an adjective?
Can you add an adverb?
Can you add a prepositional phrase?
Can you embed a clause
In your pairs, see if you can shine!
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Nouns
Lets look at these words and see if we can spot
the nouns. Click on the words to see if its a
noun.
Nouns
not
noun
noun
noun
not
not
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Verbs
Lets look at these words and see if we can spot
the verbs. Click on the words to see if its a
verb.
Verbs
not
verb
verb
verb
not
not
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Adjectives
Lets look at these words and see if we can spot
the adjective. Click on the words to see if its
a adjective.
Adjective
not
not
adjective
adjective
adjective
not
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Adverbs
Lets look at these words and see if we can spot
the adverbs. Click on the words to see if its an
adverb.
adverbs
not
adverb
not
adverb
adverb
not