Title: 1869??????????????
1??? ??????? ??? ?? 1.1 ??????????
- ????-??????,???????
- 15?? ?????????????,???????
- ????-?????????,?????????
- ???????????? ???? ????
- 1839???????????????????-????
- 1869?????????????????(cellulose)
2- ????
- 1877???????????????
- 1909???????????
- 1920?????(Hermann Staudinger) ???????????????????
,????????????????????,????,?????,????,????????? - ??????????????,????????????,??Staudinger??????????
????,????????? - ???30???,????????,???????????,???????????
3- 1927??????????
- 1930? ?????????
- 1938????66???????
- 1936????????
- 1940? ???????(PET)
- 1950??????-??(Ziegler- Natta)?????????????
- 1955??????-???????????????????????-??????
- 1971?????300????Kevlar??
4- 60????????????
- ????PE?PP?PVC?PS?PU?EP
- ????ABS?PA?PC?PPO?POM?PBT
- ????PET?nylon?PAN?PP?PVA
- ????SBR?NR???????????????
- ????????-???? ????????? ????????,???????,
?????????
5????????????????,????????????????
- The Nobel Prizes and polymer scientists
- ????(Hermann Staudinger) ???????,1947??????????
(Die makromolekulare Chemie)??,???????????????,?
????????????????????,??????????????(????????????)?
??????????????,1953?,??72???,?????????????
6- ??????(Karl Ziegler)???????(Giulio
Natta)??????????????????????????????????????? - ????????????-???????
- 1963?12?10?,????????????????
Giulio Natta (1898-1973)
Karl Ziegler (1903-1979)
7 ?????????????(Paul J. Flory)??????????,???????
?????????????????,1974????????????????????
Polymer thermodynamics,kenitics, molecular weight
distribution,solution theory
Paul J. Flory (1910-1985)
8 ???????(Pierre-Gilles de Gennes)
??????????????????????,????????????????,1991??????
??????
"for discovering that methods developed for
studying order phenomena in simple systems can be
generalized to more complex forms of matter, in
particular to liquid crystals and polymers"
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932 )
9 2000?10?10?,??????????(Hideki
Shirakawa),????????????(Alan J.
Hegger)?????????????????(Alan G.
MacDiarmid)?????????????(????-???)???2000?????????
"for the discovery and development of conductive
polymers"
10- ???50??????????,?????
- ???(1907.1.201986.9.12)????????????????????50???
???????????????????????? - ????????
- ? ? ????
- ??????? (????)
- ??? ???????
- ????????????????
- ???????????????????????????????????????,?????????
???????????????????
111.2 ????????
- ???????,????-????
- ????
- (1)????????????????
- ????? ???
- ????????? --CH2-CH2-n-
- ????? ???
- ??????????????
- --CH2-CH2-n---CH2-CH2 CH3-m-
- ?????????????????????????
121.2 ????????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
13(2)???????????? ??,???? (3)??????-????????????????
?? (4)?????????????????????? (5)??????????,???????
????,???????????? (6)???????????????,???????
????,?????????-???????????????????
141.3 ????????
??
???? ????
????
??
???
???? ??
? ? ? ?
????
????
??? ??
????
?????
????
?????
?????
?????
????
- ????
151.3 ????????
- ???????????????
- ??????????????,?????????,?????????,????????
- ??????????????????
- ??????
- (1)???????(????????????)
- (2)?????????????????
- ????????????????????????????????????????????????
- ??????????????????????,???????
- ????-????
16???????????
17??? ????????? 2.1 ?????????
18??? ????????? 2.1 ?????????
- ???-???????????????
- ?????? n ?
- ?????-????????,???PE????PP?????PVC?????PS?????????
PMMA(????)
???
???
????
19- ?????-??????????????
- ????PA(??)???????????(??)PET?
????
??6
PET
20- ?????-????Si?P???????,????
???????
21- ???????-????????????????????
- ????????????????????
- ??????????????????????????
- ???????????????????????
22????????
- ????????????????????
- ?????????
- ?? ??
??
???
CH3CH2-(CH2CH2)n-CH2CH3
?????????????????????
232.2 ?????????
- ????-???????????????,???????????
- ?????????,??????
? ?????????????????????????? n HO-R-OH n
HOOC-R-COOH
H-(ORO-OCRCO)n-OH (2n-1) H2O
??
24?????????????? n HO-R-OH n HO-R-OH
H-(OR-OR)n-OH (2n-1) H2O
????????????????????????? n H2N-R-NH2 n
ClOC-R-COCl
H-(HNRNH-OCRCO)n-Cl (2n-1) HCl
????????????? n HO-SiR1R2-OH n HO-SiR1R2-OH
H-(OSiR1R2-OSiR1R2)n-OH (2n-1) H2O
??????,?????
n OCN-R-NCO n HO-R-OH
25?????A????A?????
?????(aramid)???
262.2 ?????????
???CH2CHX???,??????????
?
?
??????????????
?-???
?-???
?-???
????
???????????????-???
27(No Transcript)
28????
29?????????????????
????
3,4-?? 1,2-?? ??1,4-??
??1,4-??
30 312.3 ?????
- ?????????,??????,????,???????????????,???????,????
????????(??)???,??????
32- ??(Branched Polymer) ??????(Crosslinked Polymer)
??????????,???,?????????
??????(Hyperbranched Polymer)
33- ???-??????????????????????????
34????????????????????,???????????????,???????(Dendr
imer)
35- ??????????,???????????
- ?LDPE?HDPE?????????????????
- ??????,???????,????
-
36(No Transcript)
37????????????????????????,?????????????????????
38- ????????????????,?????????,????????
- ?????-?????-?????????????????
- ??-??????????????,???????????????,???,????????,???
? - PE?????????,????????
?????,????????????,????????,????????,???????
39- ???-?????????????????Mc???,?????,Mc??????????????
- ?????-????????????????,????????????
- ????????????????????
- ????????????????????,????????,??????????(Sol),????
???????(Gel) - ?????????????,?????????,????????(Thermoset)
402.4 ??????
- ???-?????????????,?????????
- ????????????A?B??????????????
- (1)??(?)???(random copolymer)
- ???????????????,A???????????????,???A????
,????B????? - AAABAABAABBABABAAB
- ? ??-?????
41- (2)?????(alternating copolymer)
- ??????????????????,A??????????B?????
- ABABABABABABABABABABABAB
- ????-?????????
- (3)?????(block copolymer)
- ???????????????
- AAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBB
- ????A????B?,?AAAAAAA-BBBBBBBBBB,?AB????????SB??
? - ??????A????B?????A?,?AAAAAA-BBBBB-AAAAAAA,??ABA
????????SBS - ????A????B???,??(AB)n????????
42- (4)?????(graft copolymer)
- ??????????????,???????????(??)????
??????????, ?????1-??
43- ??????????-??????????????????????????
- ???????-???(???????????),???(??IR?NMR?)?
- ???????-?????????????????????????(GPC)
- GPC???????????????
44- ???????????????,?A?B?????,??6???AAA?AAB?ABB?ABA?B
AB?BBB?????????????????????????? - ??-????????????,????
- A B AA BBB A BB AA BBBB AAA B
- ?????????-???????????????R
- ???????????/?????
- A??????9/5 B??????11/5
- ???R-??100????????????????
- R200/(9/5 11/5)50
- R100???????R??,?????????
45- ???????
- (1)???-??????????????
- (2)???-IR?NMR?X???????
- ????????,???????????????????????????
- ????????????????,???????????????????
- ?????PTFE????????,????????????????????
46- ??????????????
- ?????????,??????????,?????????????
- ?
- (1)????????PMMA(????)????,???????MMA??????ST??????
???? - (2)???????????,??????PS????????????????
47- (3)ABS?????????????????,???????????????,??????
- ABS?????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????,????????????? - ??,ABS???????????????
48- (4)????????????SBS??
- ????????,?????????????????,?????????????
- ?????????????,SBS?????????
492.5 ???????
- ??-??????????????,????????????????????????????????
??? - ????????????????????
- (1)?????
- ??????????C??,?????????????(???????),????????D??L
?,?????????????
50- (1) ???????(isotactic polymer)????C?????????????
???, ?DDDDDDDDDD?LLLLLLLLLLL - ????????,????????, R???????
51(2) ???????(syndiotactic polymer)???C?????????,?
????????????D??L?????,LDLDLDLDLDLDLDR????????????
?
????????(tactic polymer) C??????????,???????????
??????????????
52(3) ???????(atactic polymer)?????????????????,?C
?????????????
53???????
???????
54????????
????????
????????
55- ??????,????
- ????????PS??,??240 ?,????PS??270 ?,????PS????,??
56- ?????????PP??,????PP????
- ?????????????????
- ???????????????????????,??????
- ???????????????????????
- ???-????????????????????
- ?????????????,?????,??????
57- (2)?????
- ?????????????????????,????????????????????????????
????,????????? - ????????????????????????
???CH2CH-CHCH2
1,2-???? ??1,4-???? ??1,4-????
58(No Transcript)
59?????????????????
????
3,4-?? 1,2-??
??1,4-?? ??1,4-??
60(No Transcript)
61- ????,????
- 1?2??????????????????????,????,????,????
- ??1,4?????,?????????????,,????????--??????1,4????
?,???????,????,????? - ????????2?,??148???Tg-108 ?,??-80?
- ?????1,4?????????????????
- ?????????30?,??70???Tg-70?,??-60??
- ??????98???1,4???????, Tm 28 ? ,Tg-73
?,?????,????? - ????????????,????,??????,Tm???65 ??56 ? Tg-53
?,???????
62????????????3.1 ??????
- ????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????
????????????,????????????????? - ???-???????????????,????????????????,?????????,???
???????? - --CH2-CH2-n-,n ????????
- ???????????????,??????,?????????????
- ??????????????,???????????????????
63????????????????????n,????w,??,????Mi????ni??,????
????????Ni,?Ni ni/n,????wi niMi,??????Wi
wi/w,?ni n,?wi w,?Ni 1,?Wi 1?
? ? ? ? ?
????????,???????????Mi????????Ni?????Mi?????,
?Mn????
?niMi Mn ?NiMi
w/n
?ni
64?????
???????,???????????Mi??????????Wi?????Mi????????
Mw???
?wiMi ?niMi 2 Mw
?WiMi
?wi ?niMi
Wi wi/w ,wi niMi
65- ?????-???????????, ???????(molecular weight
distribution, MWD)?????????-?????????????????????
d Mw / Mn
?d1,????????????????????,????????,???????????????
66? ??????????,????104 ?M1 ???10
mol,????105?M2???5 mol,????5x105 ?M3 ???5 mol,
? M1 ????? N1 10/(1055) 0.5, ????
W1 104 x 10/(104 x 10 105 x 5 5x105x5)
0.032 M2? N2 0.25, W2 0.161 M3? N3
0.25, W3 0. 807 Mn ?NiMi 0.5104
0.251050.25(5105) 1.55105 Mw ?WiMi
0.032104 0.161105 0.807(5105)
4.23105 d Mw / Mn 4.23105 / 1.55105 2.73
67??????
- ??????????????????????,?????
- (1)?????????????,???????,???????????????????????
- (2)?????,??????????????,????
- (3)?????,??????,??????,????????
- (4)?????????????????,??????????????,?????????,????
- ??,??????????????????????
683.2 ??????????
- ??????,?????,?????????????????????????????????
69- ??????????,?C-C?,????????,?????,??????????????,???
????(?1-6)
70- ?????????,?????????,??,??????????????
- ??-????????????????????????,????????????????
- ?????,?????????????????????????????????????,??????
????
- ????????????????????,??????,????
- ?????????????????????
71- ???,?????????????,??????????
- ??????????,??????
- ????C????C-H???????,??60??????????????????????,??
??????,????????????,???,??????,?????
72??????????????????????????
- ????????????(?1-8),??????
73- ??????
- ?????H3C-CC-CH3???????????
- ?????H3C-C(CH3)3??????????
74(No Transcript)
75- ????????????????????,?????????????????
- ?PE?C-C??H????????,??????,H????????,??PE??????????
?????
76- ?????????????,??????????????,?????,????,????,?????
???????,????????????????,?????????????
- ????????????????????????????????,PP?????????3?????
77(No Transcript)
78(No Transcript)
79(No Transcript)
80(No Transcript)
81(No Transcript)
82(No Transcript)
83- ???????????
- ??
- ???????????????
- ?????????????????
- ????????????????????
- ??,???????????????
843.3 ????????
- ????????????????????????????????
?????????????,?????? - ??????????????????????????????????
i1
i
- (1)?????-?????????E??(????kT)?,??????????????,????
?? - ??????????????????,????,??????
- ?????????,????,??????i1???,????????????????????,?
????
1
85- ??????????????i???????????,???????????,???????????
????????????????????????? - ??,?????lp ????? l ?,????E/ kT
- lp l exp(?E/ kT)
i1
i
??
1
86- lp ??????,?lp ? l ?????? lp ????,?????????Lnl
???,?????????????????,??????,?????????? - ??,???????????????????? x ???
- x lp / L l exp(?E/ kT)/nl (1/n) exp(?E/
kT) - n?????????
- ??? x ??????????
87(2)?????
- ??????????tp,tp??????E, ?E???(ltlt kT
),??????,10-11?,?????????? - ???E??,?
- tp t0 exp (?E/ kT)
- tp ????,??????????????????????1/ tp ,???????????
- ?????????????????????,??????????????????????
88??
????????
??
?????
????
????
??
?????
??
??
??
?
??
?
89????????
- (1)???? ????
- ?????
- ?????????????,????,????,??????????????????????
90- ????????????????????????,?????????????(???)??????
?????????????,????,????,?????,?????
91- ?????????????,???????p??????????,??????,???????,??
??????
??,???????????????????????,??????????
92(No Transcript)
93- ???????????,?????,????????,???????
- ???????????(PET)
94- ???????,????,??????????(PPS)?????????????
??
95????
96????
97????
98(No Transcript)
99(No Transcript)
100- ?????
- ?????C-O,C-N,Si-O??,????
- ??O?N????????C??? ,????????Si-O-Si??????C-C-C?,??
????????,???????????????? ? - -Si-O-?-C-O-?????, -C-O- ??-C-C-?????????????????
???, C-O???????????????C-C????????????,???????? - ???????-O-(CH2)6-O-CO-(CH2-)4-CO-???????,?????
- Si-O???C-O??,??-Si-O-Si-??? -C-O-C-??,??,?????????
????-?????
101(2)??
- ???????,????????,??????,????????,??????????
- ???????--CH2-CHCN-n- gt ????--CH2-CHCl-n- gt
??? --CH2-CH2-n-
102- ????????,???????????,????,?
- ???????????,???????????,??????,????????????,??????
??? - ????--CH2-CH(CH3)2-n - ???????,?????????,??????
???,?????,?PE??????????????????
103(3)????
- ????,??????????,???
- ?????,??????????,?????????????,????
- ?????????,????????????
(4)?? ????????????????????,???????????,??
??????????
104(No Transcript)
105(No Transcript)
106(No Transcript)
107??? ?????????
- ??????,????????????????????????????
- ???-???????????????????,h(?1-10)
- ???????,?????
- ?????????????????,???????
- ??????????????????
1084.1 ???????????
- (1)???????????
- ?????-????????,???????????????
- ???????n????,???????l,?????,????nl,????????
- h2n2l2
- ???????????????
- ?????????????????,????,??????
- h2nl2
- ?????????????????nl????
109- (2) ???????????
- ??????????????,???????????,??????
- ??????????????????????,?????????????,???????????
- ????????,???????????
- h2nl2 (1cos? )/(1 cos? ) (1-11)
- ??????????????n?l??,???????
- ?????180o-190o28, cos ? 1/3,????,?
- h22nl2
- ??????????????
110- ????????????,??????
- h2nl2 (1cos? )/(1 cos? ) x
- (1cos? )/(1 cos? ) (1-12)
- ??????,????????,??????????,????????
1114.2 ???????????
- ?????????????????????,?
- h2nl2
112- ????????????,???????????????????????????????,?????
? - ????????????,??????????????,??????????????????,???
?, - ?????????,????,????????????
113- ???????ne???,???????le,??????
- Lmannele
- ????,??????
- h2nele2
- ???? le ?? l ????,ne ? n ????
- ????????-??????????????????
- ?????????????,????????????,?????????
- ?????????,?????
114??? ????? ???? ????????
??? 28 8.1 2.7
??? 44 5.6 1.25
???? 104 15.4 5.1
???????? 100 13.4 4.4
??? 162 25.7 5
????? 186 81.0 16
115- ????????????,????????,????????????????,????????,?
??????????? - ????????????????????,?????
- ????????????????,?????????????????,??????????????
????????????,?????
1164.3 ??????????
- ??PE?????????,????????????
- ????? h2 r nl2 ,lel
- ????? h2 f 2nl2,le2.45l
- ????????? h2? 6.76nl2,le8.28l
- ????? L2man(2/3)n2l2,le
(2/3) nl
117- ?????????
- (1)??????????h2?????????????h2 r ????????????
- s h2?/h2 r 1/2
- s?????,????????
- (2)????????????????????????
- A h2?/M 1/2
- A??????????,?????
118- (3)?????????????????,????,????,???????????????
- (4)?????C? ,?C??????????????????,? C h2?/ nl2
- ????????????,????,?C? ???,?????????????
- ???-?????????????????
- ????-??????????????