Glencoe World History

1
Section 2
The New Urban Environment
As workers migrated to cities, local governments
had to solve urgent public health problems and
their solutions allowed cities to grow even more.
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Section 2
The New Urban Environment (cont.)

• As more people moved to cities in search of
  economic opportunities, European society became
  more urban.

• Reformers were able to urge local governments to
  improve conditions in cities.
• Improved housing, water, and sewage systems led
  to a safer living environment.

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Section 2
The New Urban Environment (cont.)

• Improved living conditions enabled people to live
  in close quarters, and cities such as London and
  Frankfurt were able to accommodate large
  populations.

European Population Growth and Relocation,
18201900
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Section 2
Social Structure
European society comprised three broad social
classesupper, middle, and lower.
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Section 2
Social Structure (cont.)

• The Elite Class

• Made up of wealthy bankers, industrialists, and
  merchants, this minority became leaders in the
  government and military.

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Section 2
Social Structure (cont.)

• The Middle Class

• The middle class consisted of a variety of
  groups.
• A lower-middle class consisted of small
  shopkeepers, traders, and prosperous farmers.

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Section 2
Social Structure (cont.)

• White-collar workers, including traveling
  salespeople, bookkeepers, and secretaries, were
  between the lower-middle class and the lower
  class.

• Although incomes varied, the goals, values, and
  lifestyle opportunities were similar among
  middle-class Europeans.

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Section 2
Social Structure (cont.)

• The Working Class

• The majority of Europeans were considered the
  working class of society and included landholding
  peasants, laborers, and domestic servants.
• Improved working environments facilitated more
  buying power and better social conditions.

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Section 2
Womens Experiences
Attitudes toward women changed as they moved into
white-collar jobs, received more education, and
began campaigning for the right to vote.
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Section 2
Womens Experiences (cont.)

• During the Second Industrial Revolution, women
  began to enter the labor force because of a lack
  of male workers. These positions were generally
  filled by lower-class women.

• In the 1800s, marriage was the only career
  available to most women, although advances in
  economic conditions led to a decline in
  birthrates.
• For women in middle-class families, activities
  centered on the family became common by 1850.

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Section 2
Womens Experiences (cont.)

• Besides raising their families, lower-class women
  worked to earn additional money.

• Modern feminism began during the Enlightenment,
  and, during the nineteenth century, women argued
  for the rights to divorce and to own property.
• In the medical field, women such as Amalie
  Sieveking, Florence Nightingale, and Clara Barton
  transformed nursing into a professional
  occupation.

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Section 2
Womens Experiences (cont.)

• In the 1840s and 1850s, women began to demand
  political rights and believed that suffrage was
  key to improving their overall position.

• In 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Womens
  Social and Political Union in Britain and used
  unusual publicity stunts to draw attention to her
  cause.

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Section 2
Education and Leisure
As a result of industrialization, the levels of
education rose. Peoples lives became more
clearly divided into periods of work and leisure.
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Section 2
Education and Leisure (cont.)

• Between 1870 and 1914, Western nations began to
  finance a system of primary education for
  children ages 6 to 12.

• Education was considered important for a viable
  labor force and better-educated voters.
• The immediate result of public education was a
  jump in literacy.

15
Section 2
Education and Leisure (cont.)

• Higher literacy rates led to the development of
  mass media. Newspapers were both informative and
  entertaining, and a literate populace purchased
  millions of copies per day.

• New types of leisure were available to Europeans
  and Americans. People went to amusement parks,
  and dance halls, and organized team sports.

16
Section 2
Education and Leisure (cont.)

• Leisure time was now clearly defined as separate
  from work. Leisure time was also more passive in
  nature, and people paid to attend leisure
  activities.

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Section 3
Western Europe and Political Democracy
Growing prosperity after 1850 contributed to the
expansion of democracy in Western Europe.
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Section 3
Western Europe and Political Democracy (cont.)

• In the late 1800s, political democracy was
  spreading in Western Europe, as universal male
  suffrage laws were passed, political parties
  formed, and ministerial responsibility became the
  dominant political entity.

Europe, 1871
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Section 3
Western Europe and Political Democracy (cont.)

• Great Britain

• A two-party parliamentary system emerged as the
  Liberal and Conservative parties vied for
  political power.
• The Liberals voted for social reforms, such as
  unemployment benefits and pensions.

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Section 3
Western Europe and Political Democracy (cont.)

• France

• In 1875 the Third Republic in France gained a
  republican constitution.
• The new government was established with a
  president and a legislature made up of two houses.

21
Section 3
Western Europe and Political Democracy (cont.)

• Italy

• Italy had emerged by 1870 as a united national
  state, but the disparity of wealth and widespread
  government corruption led to a weak, centralized
  political system.

22
Section 3
Central and Eastern Europe The Old Order
Although Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later
Russia instituted elections and parliaments, real
power remained in the hands of emperors and
elites.
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Section 3
Central and Eastern Europe The Old Order (cont.)

• In Germany, the government established by Otto
  von Bismarck set up a two-house legislature.

• Although the Reichstag was elected by male
  voters, the emperor still maintained political
  power by controlling the military and foreign
  policy.

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Section 3
Central and Eastern Europe The Old Order (cont.)

• By the reign of William II (1888 to 1918),
  Germany was the strongest military and industrial
  power in Europe. Conservative forces thwarted the
  rise of democracy in Germany.

• In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the emperor
  Francis Joseph largely ignored the Austrian
  parliament and governed by imperial decree.
  Ethnic problems threatened the stability of
  Austria.

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Section 3
Central and Eastern Europe The Old Order (cont.)

• In Hungary, the parliamentary system worked,
  although it was dominated by the nations
  landholding class.

• Nicholas II became the czar of Russia in 1894,
  and was committed to autocratic rule of the large
  nation.

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Section 3
Central and Eastern Europe The Old Order (cont.)

• Russia was becoming an industrialized nation, and
  the rising working class demanded more political
  power. In 1905 the bloody breakup of a peaceful
  demonstration in St. Petersburg left hundreds
  dead.

• Czar Nicholas relented and permitted the
  establishment of the Duma, although he had
  limited the power of the legislative body by
  1907.

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Section 3
The United States
In the United States, the Second Industrial
Revolution produced wealth that was more
concentrated than it was in Europe.
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Section 3
The United States (cont.)

• In the United States, the Civil War had destroyed
  the Southern way of life, and new amendments to
  the U.S. Constitution protected the civil
  liberties of African Americans.

• Between 1860 and 1914, the United States switched
  from a farm-based economy to an industrial
  economy.

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Section 3
The United States (cont.)

• The populations of urban centers soared, and by
  1900, three American cities had over 1 million
  inhabitants.

• Around the turn of the century, America became
  imperialistic and acquired territories abroad.
• American forces deposed Queen Liliuokalani in
  Hawaii and acquired territories from the
  vanquished Spanish in the Spanish-American War.

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Section 3
International Rivalries
The German emperor pursued aggressive foreign
policies that divided Europe into two hostile
alliance systems.
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Section 3
International Rivalries (cont.)

• To prevent France from limiting its power,
  Germany entered into a defensive alliance with
  Austria-Hungary and Italy by 1882. This coalition
  was known as the Triple Alliance.

• In 1890 Emperor William II fired Bismarck and
  took control of Germanys foreign policy. In 1894
  William II ended the treaty Germany had with
  Russia.
• By 1907, France, Great Britain, and Russia had
  drawn into an alliance known as the Triple
  Entente.

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Section 3
International Rivalries (cont.)

• The two opposing alliances of the Triple Alliance
  and the Triple Entente had become more divided
  and less willing to compromise at the beginning
  of the twentieth century.

• As the Ottoman Empire began to lose power, the
  provinces of Greece, Serbia, Romania, and
  Montenegro in the Balkans began to gain their
  freedom. Austria and Russia vied for influence in
  the region.

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Section 3
International Rivalries (cont.)

• In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed the Slavic
  territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This
  outraged Serbia, which wanted to establish a
  Slavic kingdom.

• Serbia and its ally Russia prepared for war
  against Austria-Hungary. Germany demanded that
  Russia accept the Austrian annexation or face
  war Russia, weakened by war with Japan, backed
  down.
• By the beginning of 1914, the crisis in the
  Balkans threatened the security of Europe.

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Section 4
The Culture of Modernity
Dramatic innovation occurred in literature, the
visual arts, and music in the late 1800s.
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Section 4
The Culture of Modernity (cont.)

• Between 1870 and 1914, many writers and artists
  produced works known as modernism.

• The naturalist writers addressed social problems
  such as alcoholism, women in society, and urban
  slums.
• Symbolist writers produced work that functioned
  for its own sake, and did not attempt to
  criticize or understand society.

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Section 4
The Culture of Modernity (cont.)

• In France, artists such as Claude Monet embraced
  a painting style known as impressionism.
  Impressionists rejected indoor studios and went
  into nature, where they captured the interplay of
  light, sky, and water.

• Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cezanne used color and
  structure to express mood in a form known as
  postimpressionism. These artists wanted to
  represent reality, not mirror it, as did the
  camera, which had been invented in 1888.

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Section 4
The Culture of Modernity (cont.)

• The Spaniard Pablo Picasso painted in a new
  style, using geometric designs to re-create
  reality. This modern style of art is called
  cubism.

• Modernism influenced architecture as well, and
  skilled builders Louis H. Sullivan and Frank
  Lloyd Wright created buildings that were
  clean-lined and functional.

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Section 4
The Culture of Modernity (cont.)

• In music, the modern sounds of Stravinskys The
  Rite of Spring caused a near-riot by Parisians,
  who were upset by the new sounds and rhythms of
  the performance.

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Section 4
Uncertainty Grows
Scientific discoveries in this period had a
profound impact on how people saw themselves and
their world.
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Section 4
Uncertainty Grows (cont.)

• At the end of the nineteenth century, Marie Curie
  challenged the accepted view that the universe
  existed independent of its observers, with her
  discovery that the element radium gave off energy.

• The German-born scientist Albert Einstein
  provided a new view of the universe with his
  theory of relativity, which stated that space and
  time are not absolute, but are relative to the
  observer.

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Section 4
Uncertainty Grows (cont.)

• A doctor from Vienna named Sigmund Freud asserted
  that human behavior was strongly determined by
  past experiences and internal urges.

• Freud used a method known as psychoanalysis, in
  which he and a patient probed deeply into the
  patients memory for healing purposes.

Freud In Search of the Unconscious
42
Section 4
Extreme Nationalism
In the late 1800s, extreme nationalism was
reflected in the movements of Social Darwinism
and anti-Semitism.
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Section 4
Extreme Nationalism (cont.)

• In the 1800s, many Europeans became fiercely
  nationalistic. They used Social Darwinism to
  justify the strength and wealth of nations.

• In Europe, anti-Semitism had been around for
  centuries, but became more intense during the
  late 1800s. So as to win voters, political groups
  blamed Jews for many problems.

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Section 4
Extreme Nationalism (cont.)

• The worst treatment of Jews occurred in Russia,
  where persecutions and pogroms were widespread.

• A Jewish nationalist movement called Zionism
  helped many Jews to emigrate from Europe to the
  United States and Palestine.