Photo Album

1
Classification of Parasites
helminths Protozoa
Mulicellular Specialized cells Unicellular Single cell for all function
Round worms (Nematodes) cylindrical, unsegmented Flat worms 1-Trematodes leaf-like, unsegmented. 2-Cestodes tape-like, segmented Amoebae move by psudobodia. Flagellates move by flagella. Ciliates move by cilia Apicomplexa (sporozoa) Tissue parasites

2

• Nematodes
• General features
• Elongated worm, cylindrical, unsegmented and
  tapering at both ends.
• Variable in size, measure lt1 cm to about 100cm.
• Sex separate and male is smaller than female

3

• Location of Nematodes
• Intestinal nematodes
• Tissue nematodes

4

• Common intestinal nematode infections
• Enterobius (Oxyuris) vermicularis
  (Pinworm,seatworm,threadworm)
• Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
• Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
• Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus
  (hookworms)
• Strongyloides stercoralis

5
Enterobius vermicularis (Oxyuris)

• (Pin worm, seat worm, thread worm(
• Found all over the world.
• adult in lumen of cecum and appendix from which
  adult female migrate to rectum.
• It can be seen by naked eye as white thread
  1cm.
• Male is smaller than female 0.5cm, with coiled
  end.

6
Enterobius vermicularis (Oxyuris)
LIFE CYCLE
7
Enterobius vermicularis (Oxyuris)

• Pathology
• Majority of infections are asymptomatic.
• Main clinical presentation pruritus ani
• perianal excoriation
• Ectopic enterobiasis occurs in female when invade
  valva and vagina result in valvovagintis
• Usually accompanied by insomnia, anorexia,
  loss of weight and concentration (Side effect)

8
Enterobius vermicularis (Oxyuris)
9
Enterobius vermicularis (Oxyuris)
10
Enterobius vermicularis (Oxyuris)

• Treatment
• ??Albandazole , Mebendazole
• for whole family

11
Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworm)
12
Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworm)
Ascaris adult
13
Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworm)

• The commonest human helminthes infection.
• Found in jejunum and upper part of ileum.
• Female 20 cm longer than male 10 cm
• Feed on semi digested food.

14
Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworm)
LIFE CYCLE
15
Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworm)
Ascaris egg (embryonated)
16
Ascaris eggs
Ascaris larva emerging from egg
Ascaris egg (embryonated)
17
Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworm)

• Pathology
• 1-Adult worm
• Light infection asymptomatic.
  
• Heavy infection intestinal obstruction
• Migrating adult to bile duct -jaundice
• 2-Larvae Loefflers syndrome (imp)
• Pneumonia, cough with bloody sputum
  
• Eosinophilia, urticaria

18
Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworm)
Loefflers syndrome Larvae in lung
pnumonia,cough ,bloody sputum
19
Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworm)
Ascaris larva in lung
20
Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworm)

• Diagnosis
• -eggs in stool.
• -larvae in sputum.
• -adult may pass with stool.

• Treatment Albendazole , Mebendazole

21
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
22
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
LIFE CYCLE
23
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)

• World wide ,common in poor sanitation.
• It coexists with Ascaris because of similar
  requirement.
• Adult live in large intestine especially caecum
  and appendix in heavy infection the whole
  length of large intestine affected.
• Male and female worm have narrow anterior
  portion penetrate the intestinal mucosa

24
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)

• Pathology
• light infection asymptomatic
• heavy infection abdominal pain ,bloody
  diarrhea. Rectal prolapse in children is a common
  complication.
• -Diagnosis egg in stool characterized by its
  barrel shape with mucoid plugs at each pole .
• Treatment Albendazole.

25
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
Embryonated egg Unembryonated egg
Infective stage Diagnostic stage
26
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)

• -Diagnosis egg in stool characterized by its
  barrel shape with mucoid plugs at each pole .
• Treatment Albendazole.

27
Hook worms Ancylostoma dudenale Necator
americanus
28
1- Buccal cavity with intestinal mucosa
2- B.cavity with teeth cutting
plates anemia
29
(No Transcript)
30
Hook worms Ancylostoma dudenale Necator
americanus
LIFE CYCLE
31
Hook worms Ancylostoma dudenale Necator
americanus

• A common cause of anemia.
• Found in small intestine mainly jejunum.
• Its buccal capsule (mouth) lined with hard hooks,
  triangular cutting plates and anticoagulant
  glands.

32
Hook worms Ancylostoma dudenale Necator
americanus
pathology clinical picture - larvae
i-At the site of entry of larvae (ground
itch). ii- Migration phase cough with
bloody sputum pneumonia, eosinophilia,urtica
ria. - Adult worm low worm burden no
symptoms. Moderate to heavy burden
epigastric pain, vomiting ,simulating
duodenal ulcer, hemorrhagic enteritis.
33
Hook worms Ancylostoma dudenale Necator
americanus

• Protein loss hypoproteinaemia edema.
• Anemia due to withdrawal of blood by
  parasites and hemorrhage from punctured sites
  lead to sever anemia microcytic hypochromic
  .

34
Hook worms Ancylostoma dudenale Necator
americanus

• Diagnosis
• -Eggs in stools.
• -occult blood ()

Treatment Albendazol, Mebendazole
35
Strongyloides stercoralis

• Widely distributed in tropical region worldwide .
• fatal opportunistic in immuno-compromised host.
• It is smallest pathogenic nematodes
• 2.5mm.
• adult live in mucous membrane of duodenum jejunum
  rarely m.m.of bronchus.

36
Strongyloides stercoralis
LIFE CYCLE
37
Strongyloides stercoralis

• Pathology and clinical picture
• 1-Cutaneous little reaction on penetration.
• sever dermatitis at perianal region in
• case of external autoinfection.
• 2- Migration same as hook worms .
• 3- Intestinal inflammation of upper intestinal
  mucosa, diarrhea, upper abdominal pain clocky in
  nature.
• Disseminated strongyloidiasis in patient with
  immunodeficiency ,uncontrolled diarrhea
  granulomatus changes necrosis--perforation--peri
  tonitis--death.

38
Strongyloides stercoralis

• Diagnosis
• rhabditiform larvae diagnostic stage in
• -Stool examination
• -Duodenal aspirate
• Treatment Albandazole, Mebendazole