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Title: to OCR Psychology


1
to OCR Psychology
  • What to expect from your AS course

2
Units of study
  •  AS Unit G541 Psychological Investigations
  • This unit is 30 of your total AS psychology and
    consists of a 1 hour written paper marked out of
    60.
  • Although you will have to learn four sections for
    this paper, you will only be asked questions on
    three of the sections.
  • The four sections are
  • self report
  • experiment
  • observation
  • correlation

3
Self Report
  • A self report is any method which involves asking
    a participant about their feelings, attitudes,
    beliefs and so on. Examples of self reports are
    questionnaires and interviews but note that self
    reports are often used as a way of gaining
    participants responses in observational studies
    and experiments.
  • Questionnaires are a type of self report method
    which consist of a set of questions usually in a
    highly structured written form.
  • Questionnaires can contain both open questions
    and closed questions and participants record
    their own answers.
  • Interviews are a type of spoken questionnaire
    where the interviewer records the responses.
    Interviews can be structured whereby there is a
    predetermined set of questions or unstructured
    whereby no questions are decided in advance.

4
Experiment
  • An experiment is a research method used by
    psychologists which involves the manipulation of
    variables in order to discover cause and effect.
    It differs from non-experimental methods in that
    it involves the deliberate manipulation of one
    variable, while trying to keep all other
    variables constant.
  • The two main types of 'true' experiments are
    laboratory experiments and field experiments.
  • When psychologists carry out experiments they use
    one of three basic experimental designs to
    investigate the effects of an independent
    variable on a dependent variable. These are the
    independent measures design, the repeated
    measures design and the matched pairs design.
  • Before researchers carry out experiments they
    operationalise the variables and create
    hypotheses. A hypothesis is a testable,
    predictive statement.
  • Experiments produce quantitative data which can
    be analysed statistically. For this part of the
    course you need to be aware of descriptive
    statistics including measure of central tendency
    and bar charts.
  • Follow this link for a full evaluation of this
    method.

5
Observation
  • All types of research involve some element of
    observation. It is not just observational studies
    that use observation. For example, when we use
    self report measures we observe the responses of
    the participants, when we carry out experiments
    we observe the behaviour of our participants and
    so on.
  • A full evaluation of this method can be found by
    following this link.

6
Correlation
  • Correlation refers to a measure of how strongly
    two or more variables are related to each other.
  • A positive correlation means that high values of
    one variable are associated with high values of
    the other. Or if you like, the variables increase
    together.
  • A negative correlation means that high values of
    one variable are associated with low values of
    the other. Or if you like, as one variable
    increases the other decreases. Note that like a
    positive correlation, a negative correlation
    still indicates that some kind of relationship
    exists.
  • If there is no correlation between two variables
    they are said to be uncorrelated.

7
Correlation
  • What type of correlation do these scatter graphs
    represent?
  • Correlations are expressed as a correlation
    co-efficient which ranges from 1 to -1, with 0
    indicating no correlation at all.
  • Click on this link for further evaluation, pay
    specific attention to the cause and effect
    problem.

8
Units of study
  • AS Unit G542 Core Studies
  • This unit is 70 of your total AS psychology and
    consists of a 2 hour written paper marked out of
    120. The question paper has three sections.  
  • Section A requires you to answer short questions
    related to each of the 15 core studies.  
  • Section B requires you to answer one question,
    which requires considerable detail of one core
    study.  
  • Section C requires you to answer one question
    from a choice of two focusing on approaches,
    issues and methods.  

9
Core studies (cognitive approach)
  • Baron-Cohen et al. (autism)Baron-Cohen, S.,
    Jollife, T., Mortimore, C. Robertson, M. (1997)
    Another advanced test of theory of mind evidence
    from very high functioning adults with autism or
    Asperger syndrome.
  • Loftus and Palmer (eyewitness testimony)Loftus,
    E.F. Palmer, J.C. (1974) Reconstruction of
    auto-mobile destruction An example of the
    interaction between language and memory.
  • Savage-Rumbaugh et al. (animal language)Savage-Ru
    mbaugh, S., MacDonald, K., Sevcik, R. A.,
    Hopkins, W. D. and Rubert, E. (1986) Spontaneous
    symbol acquisition and communication use by pygmy
    chimpanzees (Pan paniscus)

10
Core studies (developmental psychology)
  • Samuel and Bryant (conservation)Samuel, J. and
    Bryant, P. (1984) Asking only one question in the
    conservation experiment
  • Bandura, Ross and Ross (aggression)Bandura, A.,
    Ross, D. Ross, S.A. (1961) Transmission of
    aggression through imitation of aggressive models
  • Freud (Little Hans)Freud, S. (1909) Analysis of
    a phobia of a five year old boy. In The Pelican
    Freud Library (1977), Vol 8, Case Histories 1,
    pages 169-306

11
Core Studies (individual differences)
  • Rosenhan (sane in insane places)Rosenhan, D.L.
    (1973) On being sane in insane places.
  • Thigpen and Cleckley (Multiple Personality
    Disorder)Thigpen, C.H. Cleckley, H. (1954) A
    case of multiple personality.
  • Griffiths (gambling)Griffiths, M. D. (1994) The
    role of cognitive bias and skill in fruit machine
    gambling.

12
Core Studies (physiological psychology)
  • Maguire et al. (brain scans)Maguire, E. A.,
    Gadian, N. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D.,
    Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., Fith, C. D.
    (2000) Navigation-related structural changes in
    the hippocampi of taxi drivers.
  • Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreaming)Dement,
    W. Kleitman, N. (1957) The relation of eye
    movements during sleep to dream activity An
    objective method for the study of dreaming.
  • Sperry (split brain)Sperry, R.W. (1968)
    Hemisphere deconnection and unity in
    consciousness.

13
Core studies (social psychology)
  • Reicher and Haslam (BBC prison study)Reicher, S.
    Halsam, S. A. (2006) Rethinking the psychology
    of tyranny. The BBC prison study.
  • Milgram (obedience)Milgram. S (1963) Behavioural
    Study of Obedience.
  • Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritan)Piliavin,
    I.M., Rodin, J.A. Piliavin, J. (1969) Good
    Samaritanism An underground phenomenon?

14
Cognitive Psychology
  • Cognitive psychology studies our mental processes
    or cognitions. These mental processes that
    cognitive psychologists focus on include memory,
    perception, thinking and language.
  • The main assumption of the cognitive approach is
    that information received from our senses is
    processed by the brain and that this processing
    directs how we behave or at least justifies how
    we behave the way that we do.
  • Cognitive processes are examples of hypothetical
    constructs. That is, we cannot directly see
    processes such as thinking but we can infer what
    a person is thinking based on how they act.
  • Cognitive psychology has been influenced by
    developments in computer science and analogies
    are often made between how a computer works and
    how we process information. Based on this
    computer analogy cognitive psychology is
    interested in how the brain inputs, stores and
    outputs information.

15
Developmental Psychology
  • Developmental psychology is interested in
    discovering the psychological processes of
    development. The three core studies in this
    section all focus on how children develop. It is
    worth noting that developmental psychologists
    also study adulthood too.
  • A main assumption of the developmental approach
    is that cognitive, emotional and behavioural
    development is an ongoing process and that such
    changes result from an interaction of nature and
    nurture.
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