Problems and Issues Facing India

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Problems and Issues Facing India
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Major problems Issues in India today

• Overpopulation ? 1 billion climbing.
• Economic development.
• Hindu-Muslim tensions.
• Gender issues ? dowry killings.
• Caste bias ? discrimination against untouchables
  continues.
• The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons.
• Political assassinations.

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India and the Subcontinent

• Conflict over Kashmir India Pakistan
• Irrigation
• Pride
• Nuclear Weapons India Pakistan
• Flood control India Bangladesh
• Humanitarian Aid India Bangladesh

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Urbanization and Poverty
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Daily life in India is centered around cities,
villages, and religion.

• Cities
• Two largest citiesMumbai (Bombay) and Kolkata
  (Calcutta)
• Bangalore and Mumbaiuniversities, research
  centers, and high-tech businesses
• Most people struggle to earn a living in the
  cities.

• Villages
• Most Indians live in rural areas.
• Most villagers work as farmers and live with an
  extended family.
• Paved roads and electricity have only recently
  reached many Indian villages.

• Religion
• Plays a key role in Indian daily life
• Most practice Hinduism.
• Many follow other religions (Islam, Buddhism,
  etc.).
• Millions practice Sikhism and Jainism.
• Religious celebrations are important.

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Daily Life
2

• About 7 out of 10 Indians live in villages and
  farm for a living.
• Houses belonging to more prosperous families in a
  village are made of better materials than those
  of poorer villagers, most of which include only a
  charpoy, or wooden bed frame with knotted string
  in place of a mattress.
• For religious and economic reasons, Indians
  follow a mostly vegetarian diet, and most Indians
  eat some form of rice every day.

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70 Rural 600,000 villages
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Economic Improvements
2

• Farming methods have improved, but few families
  own enough land to support themselves.
• Many farmers have set up cottage industries to
  add to their income.
• India is a leading industrial nation, and
  advances have been made there in technology and
  consumer industries.
• The growing middle class forms the market for
  consumer goods.

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Poverty Abounds
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Four of every ten people in India struggle to
live on the equivalent of less than 1.25 /day
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Comparative Statistics for Selected Countries in
South Asia
Arable Land Pop. Density /km GDP PPP Literate Life Exp. Poverty Rate
India 49 392 2,800 61 70 yrs 25
Pakistan 24 199 2,600 50 65 yrs 24
Nepal 16 226 1,700 49 65 yrs 31
Bangladesh 55 1165 1,500 43 60 yrs 45
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Poverty is a tremendous problem in South Asia
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Consider these indicators of poverty for the
countries of South Asia
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Today India faces many challenges, including a
growing population and economic development.

• Population
• India is the worlds second most populous
  country.
• Indias huge population places a strain on
  Indias environment and resources.
• Urbanization is taking place. Urbanization is
  the increase in the percentage of people who live
  in cities.

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Urbanization
2

• Many of Indias people live in small or
  medium-sized towns, which are larger and livelier
  than rural villages.
• Indias cities are very densely populated, as
  evidenced by Mumbais population density of
  714,000 inhabitants per square mile.
• Despite the extreme crowding and poverty, cities
  offer more opportunities for work and education
  than do rural areas.

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Urbanization trends in India
Total population
Urban Population

• Year
• 1800
• 1950
• 2000
• 2008
• 2030

• 2
• 30
• 47
• 50
• 60

In million
140
360
1027
1160
2050
Source UN, Urbanization prospects, the 1999
revision
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Urbanization Growth

• If India does grow rapidly, one would expect
  about 75 of Indias population would be
  urbanized by 2050
• Urban population in 2050 75 of 1.6 billion
  1.2 billion
• Urban population today 28 of 1.002 billion
  280 million
• Urban population would increase by 920 million by
  2050 (almost 20 million new urban residents a
  year)
• Can India cope with such rapid urbanization, or
  will it stymie Indias growth?

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Urbanization Trends and Patterns-2

• 286 million people in India live in urban areas
  (around 28 of the population)
• The proportion of urban population in India is
  increasing consistently over the years
• From 11 in 1901 to 26 in 1991 and 28 in 2001
• Estimated to increase to 357 million in 2011 and
  to 432 million in 2021
• After independence
• 3 times growth - Total population
• 5 times growth - Urban population
• Census of India 2001

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INDIA URBAN GEOGRAPHY

• In 2003, India was one of the least urbanized of
  the large in population countries of the world,
  given that only 28 percent of the country's
  population resided in urban areas.
• Although the proportion classified as urban is
  small, in absolute numbers India had 299,208,000
  people residing in urban centers.
• Mumbai (formerly Bombay), with 11,914,398 people,
  is the largest city of India in terms of
  population. Delhi ranks second with 9,817,439
  followed by Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) with
  4,580,544.
• 11 Indian cities have populations in excess of
  one million inhabitants.
• The largest metropolitan area populations of
  India are
• Mumbai 16,368,084
• Kolkata 13,216,546
• Delhi 12,791,458

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Dharavi is the largest slum in Asia
Location Mumbai, India
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How would they describe Dharavi to a tourist?
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• Dharavi is described as a slum of hope
• Dharavi is described as a slum of despair

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Demographics in South Asia
70 of South Asians live in rural areas, in
villages, yet South Asia has some of the worlds
largest cities

• Mumbai- 16 million
• Kolkatta- 13 million
• Delhi- 13 million
• Dhaka- 13 million

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INDIA URBAN GEOGRAPHY

• Indian urbanization is accelerating, and urban
  India is today growing more than twice as rapidly
  as the country's overall population.
• Attendant problems include poor sanitation,
  street dwellers, and riots.
• In 1984, riots between Hindu and Moslems in
  Mumbai left hundreds dead.
• Reasons for migration to cities (internal
  migration)
• Loosening of ties between poor peasants and their
  villages.
• Widespread establishment of village men or "caste
  brothers" who encourage friends and relatives to
  move to the cities.

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Reasons for migration to cities

• Higher salaries
• Business opportunities
• Anonymity and individualism
• Rise in caste status
• Agricultural modernization (reduces rural incomes
  and jobs)
• Population pressures
• Refugees of drought or flooding

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Migration-causes

• Increased family size-limited agricultural
  property
• -Land use Pattern
• -Irrigation facilities
• Better income prospects
• Better educational facilities
• Better Life style
• Basic amenities health, transport,water,
  electricity.
• Victims of natural/manmade calamities-Refugees

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Urbanization
2

• Many of Indias people live in small or
  medium-sized towns, which are larger and livelier
  than rural villages.
• Indias cities are very densely populated, as
  evidenced by Mumbais population density of
  714,000 inhabitants per square mile.
• Despite the extreme crowding and poverty, cities
  offer more opportunities for work and education
  than do rural areas.

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INDIA URBAN GEOGRAPHY

• Population densities in urban centers are very
  high.
• Kolkata (Calcutta) averages 13,900 persons per sq
  km (36,000 persons per sq mi) for its entire area
  of 1036 sq km (400 sq mi).
• By comparison, New York City averages 1544
  persons per sq km (4,000 persons per sq mi).
• In Kolkata (Calcutta), an estimated 200,000
  residents are known as street people and sleep
  under bridges, railway overpasses, in doorways or
  wherever they can find a spot.
• Slightly better off are the residents of the
  bustees, hovels made of cardboard, burlap, or
  other scrap material.
• An estimated 2,000,000 people live in bustees.

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INDIA URBAN GEOGRAPHY

• Indian urbanization reveals several regional
  patterns
• The northern heartland, the west (wheat growing
  area) is more urbanized than the east (where rice
  forms the main staple crop).
• In the west urbanization may be as much as 40
  in the east only about 10 of the population
  resides in urban centers.
• India's larger cities (more than 100,000) are
  concentrated in three regions
• (1) the northern plains from Punjab to the Ganges
  Delta
• (2) the Bombay-Ahmadabad area
• (3) the southern end of the peninsula, which
  includes Madras and Bangalore
• Large cities(more than one million) outside these
  regions include centrally positioned Nagpur and
  Hyderabad (capital of Andhra Pradesh).

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Cities of India

• Mumbai, on Indias west coast, is the countrys
  busiest port and its financial center, while
  Chennai and Kolkata are major centers of commerce
  and shipping on the east coast.
• New Delhi is the countrys capital and center of
  government.
• Varanasi, on the banks of the Ganges, is regarded
  by Hindus as their holiest city, and devout
  Hindus hope to visit the city at least once
  within their lifetime to wash in the sacred
  Ganges River.

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Migration-consequences

• Overcrowding
• Mushrooming of slums
• Unemployment
• Poverty
• Physical mental stress
• Family structure-Nuclear families
• -Single males

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Migration-cobweb
Illiteracy
Slums
Migration
Unemployment
Overcrowding
Unhygienic conditions
Poverty
Stretching of overburdened systems
Communicable diseases
Crimes
Non-Communicable diseases
Injuries
Mental illness
Stress
Life style modification
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A scene which makes every Indian feel shameful
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Slums of India

• In the last decades, the total urban population
  in Indias 3 largest metropolitan areas has
  increased to nearly 400 million people.
• In 2011, Indias slum population was estimated
  to be 90 million. T
• his rapid urbanization has brought unique
  challenges to those calling Indias cities home.
• Planning practices left over from Colonial times
  have created city structures characterized by
  unequal distribution of public services,
  especially access to clean water and sanitary
  waste disposal.
• Government agencies, as well as Non-Governmental
  Organizations, are working to provide access to
  clean water and sanitation for Indias slum
  dwellers through crisis intervention,
  infrastructure construction, and education on
  water quality standards and womens issues1,2

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Slums

• Under section 3 of the Slum Area and Improvement
  Act (Improvement and Clearance Act) (Act No.96,
  1956) an area is legally considered a slum if
  competent authority reports that any areas are
• a)In any respect unfit for human habitation
• or b) are by reason of dilapidation,
  overcrowding, faulty arrangement and design of
  such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement
  of streets, lack of ventilation, light,
  sanitation facilities or any combination of these
  factors which are detrimental to safety, health
  and morals
• More males than females
• Vast majority is part of the working age group
  (15-59)
• Caste System continues to play defining role

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Factors Affecting Health in Slums

• Economic conditions
• Social conditions
• Living environment
• Access and use of public health care services
• Hidden/Unlisted slums
• Rapid mobility

Agarwal S, Satyavada A, Kaushik S, Kumar R.
Urbanization, Urban Poverty and Health of the
Urban Poor Status, Challenges and the Way
Forward. Demography India. 2007 36(1) 121-134
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Double Burden of Diseases

• Overcrowding and related health issues
• Rapid growth of urban centers has led to
  substandard housing on marginal land and
  overcrowding
• Outbreaks of diseases transmitted through
  respiratory and faeco-oral route due to increased
  population density
• It exacerbates health risks related to
  insufficient and poor water supply and poor
  sanitation systems
• Lack of privacy leading to depression, anxiety,
  stress etc

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Double Burden of Diseases

• Upsurge of Non-communicable diseases
• The rising trends of non-communicable diseases
  are a consequence of the demographic and dietary
  transition
• Decreases in activity combined with access to
  processed food high in calories and low in
  nutrition have played a key role
• Urbanization is an example of social change that
  has a remarkable effect on diet in the
  developing world

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Double Burden of Diseases

• Traditional staples are often more expensive in
  urban areas than in rural areas, whereas
  processed foods are less expensive
• This favors the consumption of new processed
  foods
• This places the urban population at increased
  risk of NCDs
• In India, chronic diseases are estimated to
  account for 53 of all deaths and 44 of
  disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost in
  2005

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KEY CHALLENGES TO URBAN HEALTH SERVICES
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Operational Challenges

• Lack of standards for
• Provision of safe water and sanitation
  facilities
• Housing and waste disposal systems
• No public health bill for setting up and
  regulating these standards
• Lack of understanding of recent demands of urban
  health care delivery and poor planning/implementa
  tion

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Operational Challenges

• Lack of infrastructure for setting up of primary
  health care facilities
• Many slums are not having even a single primary
  health care facility in their vicinity
• Multiple health care facilities/bodies but
  without coordination
• Lack of community level organizations/slum level
  organizations and lack of adequate support to them

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Infrastructure Issues
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Disparate Taxation

• Only 35 million people pay income tax to the
  federal government.
• Formal Sector
• Over 1 billion pay NO federal taxes!
• Informal Sector
• Largely agricultural or village based

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Lacking Infrastructure

• Major cities are not connected at this point by a
  highway system.
• Golden Quadrilateral Highway Project will
  eventually connect New Delhi-Mumbai-Bangalore-Chen
  nai-Kolkata. - 12 billion
• Currently only 3,700 miles of highways!!!
• 40 of farm produce goes to waste as a result of
  poor transportation

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Infrastructure Issues

• Irrigation Water Pollution Narmada Valley
  Project
• Building of 30 major 3,000 minor dams
• Electric power will be created
• Bhopal Accident American chemical plant
  accident, killed 2,000
• Modernizing vs. Environmental Protection

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Scheduled Improvements

• New 430 million Bangalore International Airport
  to be completed by April 2008. (European built
  and operated)
• Roads to the airport are uncertain
• Vallapardam Ship Terminal in Kochi (southwest
  coast of Kerala) to be completed by Dubais DP
  World at a cost of 555 million

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Population Issues

• How To Handle Them

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INDIA POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• India had 1,068,600,000 people in 2003 (17 of
  the world total), the world's second largest
  country in population after China.
• India has a rate of natural increase of 1.7
  (compared to a 1.3 world rate) and a projected
  population of 1,363,000,000 by 2025.
• At this rate, it is only a matter of time before
  India becomes the world's most populous country.
  
• The largest clusters of the Indian population are
  found in the Gangetic plains in the north and the
  coastal areas of the country. These are the most
  fertile parts of India.

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5
South Asia is one of the most densely populated
areas on earth.

• India has a population growth rate of 1.6
  percent, which will lead to the doubling of the
  nations population in 36 years.

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INDIA POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• In India, population arithmetic density (in
  2003) was 325 persons per sq km (842 persons per
  sq mi) physiological density (in 2000) was at
  557 persons per square kilometer (1442 persons
  per square mile).
• In neighboring Bangladesh the arithmetic density
  is approximately 2.5 times as high, 1,040 persons
  per sq km (2,639 persons per sq mi).

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More than one-third of Indias population is
under the age of 15 years old.
Indias natural increase rate 1.5 (2009
est) Chinas natural increase rate 0.6
Indias population is expected to exceed Chinas
by 2020.
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Each year India adds 18 million people. To
accommodate this, each year India would have to
add

• 127,000 new village schools
• 373,000 new teachers (at 50 students per teacher)
• 2.5 million new homes (with 7 people per home)
• 4 million new jobs
• 180 million new bushels of grain and vegetables

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CASE STUDY Slowing Population Growth in India

• For over 50 years, India has tried to control its
  population growth with only modest success.
• Two factors help account for larger families in
  India.
• Most poor couples believe they need several
  children to work and care for them in old age.
• The strong cultural preference for male children
  means that some couples keep having children
  until they produce one or more boys.
• The result even though 9/10 Indian couples have
  access to at least one modern birth control
  method, only 48 actually use one.

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Family Planning as National Policy

• In 1952, the Indian government adopted family
  planning as a national policy.
• By 1961, there were 4,165 family planning
  clinics.
• As a part of the government campaign to limit the
  number of children, the government has put up
  billboards with the following slogan "four is a
  family, five is a crowd."
• In 1976, a national population policy was adopted
  including
• the increase of the age of marriage for females
  to 18 years and for males to 21,
• tying financial grants from the federal
  government to the state governments to their
  performance in limiting births,
• provision of sex education in schools,
• expansion of compensation for voluntary
  sterilization,
• and use of incentives by governments to encourage
  people to limit their family size.
• In 1977, this policy was made voluntary following
  the collapse of the Indira Gandhi government.
  Only 8 of federal assistance was tied to
  performance on birth control by states.

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South Asia has been trying to reduce births since
1952.
India began its population programs in 1952.
mid-1960s they opened camps for mass
insertions of IUDs. 1970s Vasectomy camps
10 million men were coerced into sterilized by
vasectomies during the Emergency Drive for
family planning in the 1970s. Backlash against
family planning and distrust of govt 1998 the
Indian government abandoned targets for
sterilizations and contraception. Focus on
education.
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Family planning poster from India
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Why only a boy? family planning poster from
India
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How is it that population continues to boom even
with declines in fertility?

• Significant part of population is in early
  reproductive years
• Poor, rural, uneducated people see children as
  their only source of wealth.
• Because there is little access to healthcare,
  infant mortality rates are high (67/1,000 live
  births).
• View sons as more beneficial than daughters.

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Pollution Issues
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Pollution

• All the ills of urban development exist in this
  one city, New Delhi.
• The environmental problems of developing
  countries are not the side effects of excessive
  industrialization but reflect the inadequacy of
  development (Gandhi)
• Indira Gandhi 1968 UN pollution conference

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Double Burden of Diseases

• Air pollution and its consequences
• Due to increase in the numbers of motorized
  vehicles and industries in the cities of the
  developing world
• Problems of noise and air pollution
• Air pollution can affect our health in many ways
  with both short-term and long-term effects
• Short-term air pollution can aggravate medical
  conditions like asthma and emphysema
• Long-term health effects can include chronic
  respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease,
  and even damage to other vital organs

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Indoor Air Pollution

• Fuel wood, animal dung and crop residues fuel
  (Smith 2000).
• Arsenic other toxins
• 560 villages arsenic-affected
• More than a million people are drinking arsenic
  contaminated water
• 200,000 people are suffer from arsenic-related
  diseases
• Result chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and
  acute respiratory infections.
• Most common COD for children under 5 in India
  (WHO)
• Low birth weight, increased infant and prenatal
  mortality, pulmonary tuberculosis, nasopharyngeal
  and laryngeal cancer, cataract, and, specifically
  in respect of the use of coal, with lung cancer
  and asthma.

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Waste Disposal

• Increase in MSW (municipal solid waste)
• Rapid population growth
• Modernization
• Mumbai population grew from 8.2 million in 1981
  to 12.3 million in 1991
• MSW 3200 tons per day to 5 355 tons per day
• Municipality competition

• Land scarcity for dumping sites
• Burning Most common CFC emissions
• Recycling difficult to implement

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Access sanitation

• Only 33 can get rid of there garbage others
  cant.
• So that leaves them with nasty garbage to live
  with.
• So they have to find a way to get rid of all that
  garbage.

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This is what has happened in India

• Water conservation can help solve this problem

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The problem in India

• India has the worlds second largest population
• The population in India is too big. This is part
  of why India is in a water crisis.
• Some of the diseases are being spread because,
  many people cannot wash their hands correctly
  with such little water.
• Disease is also spread through drinking-water.

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Water

• India has 86 improved water sources that leaves
  14 with dirty water.

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Water Pollution

• 3.7 Million depend on basic well system
• hydrocarbons, phenols, cyanide, pesticides, major
  inorganic species, and bacteria.
• Yamuna River can no longer support life
• Garbage cascades down its banks, giving off a
  fetid stench. And half of the city's raw sewage
  flows into its waters.
• "The river is dead, it just has not been
  officially cremated"
• Govt. spending 500 million
• River pollution has doubled since 1993
• Unplanned Communities
• 80 pollution due to raw sewage
• -4 GDP due to lost productivity (Gupta)
• Technology can improve nullahs

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Double Burden of Diseases

• Water and sanitation problems
• Due to increasing urbanization coupled with
  existing un-sustainability factors and
  conventional urban water management
• Nealy 1.1 billion people worldwide who do not
  have access to clean drinking water and 2.6
  billion people i.e. over 400 million people, lack
  even a simple improved latrine
• Can lead to increased episodes of diarrhea and
  economic burden