THE PROKARYOTES

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THE PROKARYOTES

• KINGDOM MONERA

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GENERALIZED STRUCTURE
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CELLULAR APPENDAGES

• COMMON BUT NOT FOUND ON ALL SPECIES
• FLAGELLA AND AXIAL FILAMENTS
• FIMBRIAE AND PILI

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APPENDAGES FOR MOTILITY
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FLAGELLA

• EXTREMELY THIN
• PROVIDES MOTILITY
• FILAMENT
• HOOK
• BASAL BODY
• ROTATES 360 DEGREES

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FLAGELLAR ARRANGEMENTS

• MONOTRICHOUS,
• LOPHOTICHOUS,
• AMPHITRICHOUS,
• PERITRICHOUS

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MONOTRICHOUS
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LOPHOTRICHOUS
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AMPHITRICHOUS
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PERITRICHOUS
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SWIMMING SPEED OF BACTERIA

• POLAR FLAGELLATED--THIOSPIRILLUM, PSEUDOMONAS
  AERUGINOSA
• PERITRICHOUS--ESCHERICIA COLI

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BACTERIAL FLAGELLA AND TAXONOMY

• NUMBER AND PLACEMENT CAN HELP IDENTIFY SPECIES
• SPECIAL STAINS OR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
• MOTILITY MEDIUM
• HANGING DROP SLIDE

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CHEMOTAXIS

• RESPOND TO CHEMICAL SIGNALS
• POSITIVE TOWARD
• NEGATIVE AWAY
• DETECTION OF CHEMICALS IS LINKED TO FLAGELLA
• CELL IS DRIVEN CLOCKWISE IN RUNS AND TUMBLES

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CHEMOTAXIS
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INTERNAL FLAGELLA

• SPIROCHETES
• AXIAL FILAMENTS
• MODIFIED FLAGELLUM
• ENCLOSED IN PERIPLASMIC SPACE
• ENDOFLAGELLUM
• GIVE TWISTING OR FLEXING MOTION

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APPENDAGES FOR ATTACHMENT AND MATING
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FIMBRIAE

• SMALL BRISTLE FIBERS
• COMPOSITION VARIES
• STICKY
• ALLOW ADHESION OF PATHOGENS
• ESCHERICIA COLI, NEISSERIA GONORRHEAE

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PILI

• SEX PILUS
• ELONGATED, RIGID, TUBULAR
• PILIN
• GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
• CONJUGATION
• PRODUCTION IS CONTROLLED GENETICALLY

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THE CELL ENVELOPE

• EVERYTHING OUTSIDE PROTOPLASM

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THE GLYCOCALYX

• PROTECTS CELL FROM SEVERE ENVIRONMENTS
• DIFFERS GREATLY IN COMPOSITION, THICKNESS, AND
  ORGANIZATION
• SLIME LAYER
• CAPSULE
• NOT ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL TO SURVIVAL

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CAPSULES

• STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
• HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
• BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
• USUALLY MORE PATHOGENIC
• AVOID PHAGOCYTES

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VARIATION IN THE GLYCOCALYX

• PLAQUE ON TEETH
• COLONIZERS OF PLASTIC, METAL

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CELL WALL

• IMMEDIATELY BELOW GLYCOCALYX
• DETERMINES SHAPE OF CELL
• PREVENTS BURSTING AND COLLAPSE
• MOST HAVE PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• PENICILLIN, CEPHALOSPORIN, LYSOZYME, ALCOHOL AND
  DETERGENTS TARGET

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GRAM STAINING

• DIVIDES INTO TWO MAJOR GROUPS
• GRAM NEGATIVE
• GRAM POSITIVE

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GRAM POSITIVE CELL WALL

• THICK HOMOGENOUS LAYER
• 20-80 nm THICK
• ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES

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GRAM POSITIVE CELL WALL

• TECHOIC ACID LIPOTECHOIC ACID
• SOMETIMES PRESSED CLOSED TO MEMBRANE
• SOMETIMES HAS PERIPLASMIC SPACE

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GRAM POSITIVE STAIN
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GRAM NEGATIVE CELL WALLS

• MORPHOLOGICALLY MORE COMPLEX
• THIN INNER SHELL OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• PERIPLASMIC SPACE
• OUTER MEMBRANE SIMILAR TO CELL MEMBRANE

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GRAM NEGATIVE CELL WALLS

• UPPERMOST LAYER --LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE PROTEINS
• INNERMOST LAYER--LIPID LAYER ATTACHED TO
  PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• GIVES DEFENSE AGAINST ANTIBIOTICS

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GRAM NEGATIVE CELL WALLS

• 1-3 NM PEPTIDOGLYCAN SHEATH
• PERIPLASMIC SPACE SIMILAR TO LYSOSOMES

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IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENCES

• GRAM NEGATIVE MORE IMPERVIOUS TO SOME
  ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMICALS
• GRAM NEGATIVE HARDER TO KILL
• ALCOHOL IS EXCEPTION
• REQUIRES DIFFERENT TREATMENT OF GRAM NEGATIVE AND
  GRAM POSITIVE DISEASES

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CELL WALL VARIATIONS

• SEVERAL GROUPS DO NOT HAVE GRAM NEGATIVE OR
  POSITIVE CELL WALLS
• SOME DO NOT HAVE CELL WALLS AT ALL

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MYCOBACTERIA AND NORCARDIA

• PEPTIDOGYLCAN
• GRAM POSITIVE
• WALL PRIMARILY LIPID
• MYCOLIC ACID
• RESISTANT TO CERTAIN DYES AND CHEMICALS
• TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY

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MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
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MYCOBACTERIUM
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MYCOBACTERIUM
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ARCHEBACTERIA

• SOME ALMOST ENTIRELY POLYSACCHARIDES
• OTHERS PURE PROTEIN
• ALL LACK PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• FEW HAVE NO CELL WALL AT ALL

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MYCOPLASMAS

• NO CELL WALL
• HAVE STEROIDS IN CELL MEMBRANE
• SHARED TRAIT WITH ANIMALS

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MYCOPLASMAS
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L FORMS VARIANTS

• LISTER INSTITUTE
• WALL LESS FORMS OF WALLED BACTERIA
• MUTATIONS OR PRODUCED IN LAB
• LYSOZYME OR PENICILLIN
• GRAM POSITIVE--PROTOPLAST
• GRAM NEGATIVE--SPHEROPLAST
• INTESTINAL AND KIDNEY INFECTIONS

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CELL MEMBRANE

• BELOW CELL WALL
• LIPID BILAYER
• PROTEINS EMBEDDED
• 30-40 PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• 60-70 PROTEINS

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CELL MEMBRANE

• MYCOPLASMAS HAVE STEROLS
• ARCHEBACTERIA HAVE BRANCHED HYDROCARBONS

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MESOSOMES

• MESOSOMES-EXTENSIONS INTO CYTOPLASM
• PROMINENT IN GRAM
• INCREASE SURFACE AREA
• MAY BE ARTIFACTS
• MAY HAVE ROLE IN DIVISION AND WALL SYNTHESIS

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MESOSOME FUNCTION

• ENERGY REACTIONS
• NUTRIENT PROCESSING SYNTHESIS
• REGULATE TRANSPORT
• SECRETION

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INTERNAL STRUCTURES
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CHROMATIN BODIES

• SINGLE STRAND OF DNA
• NUCLEOID REGION
• NO HISTONES
• HAPLOID

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PLASMIDS

• NOT ESSENTIAL
• EXTRACHROMOSOMAL
• CAN BE FREE OR INCORPORATED INTO CHROMOSOME
• CONFER PROTECTIVE TRAITS
• DRUG RESISTANCE
• TOXIN ENZYME PRODUCTION

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RIBOSOMES

• IN CYTOPLASM
• POLYSOMES
• ATTACHED TO MESOSOMES AND MEMBRANE
• 60 rRNA 40 PROTEIN

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RIBOSOMES

• 30s 50 s SUBUNITS
• CLASSIFIED BY SVEDBERG UNITS

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INCLUSION BODIES

• POLYBETAHYDROXY-BUTRYRATE
• GAS VACUOLES
• MAGNETOSOMES
• CARBOXYSOMES
• ENDOSPORES

• VARY IN SIZE, NUMBER CONTENT
• PROTEIN LAYER MEMBRANE
• GLYCOGEN

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GRANULES

• SULFUR GRANULES
• POLYHYDROXYBUTRATE GRANULES
• PHOSPHATE GRANULES
• METACHROMATIC GRANULES

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POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE
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SULFUR GRANULES
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POLYPHOSPHATE GRANULES
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MAGNETOSOMES
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GAS VACUOLES
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CARBOXYSOMES

• CONTAIN RUBISCO FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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ENDOSPORES

• BACILLUS, CLOSTRIDIUM SPOROSARCINA
• VEGETATIVE CELL ENDOSPORE
• VALUABLE IN CLASSIFYING BACTERIA

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SPORE FORMATION

• TRIGGERED BY INADEQUATE SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS
• COMMITS TO SPORANGIUM
• 6 TO 8 HOURS
• WITHSTAND HEAT, FREEZING, RADIATION, CHEMICALS

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SURVIVAL MECHANISMS

• HIGH CALCIUM DIPICOLONATE LEVELS
• CALCIUM DIPICOLINATE REMOVES WATER
• METABOLICALLY INACTIVE
• THICK IMPERVIOUS CORTEX SPORE COATS

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ENDOSPORE GERMINATION

• REVITALIZE WHEN FAVORABLE CONDITIONS REAPPEAR
• BREAK DORMANCY
• NEEDS WATER, SPECIFIC CHEMICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL
  STIMULUS
• OCCURS RAPIDLY
• ENZYMES FROM SPORE DIGEST CORTEX
• REVERTS TO VEGETATIVE CELL

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IMPORTANCE OF SPORES

• MAJORITY RELATIVELY HARMLESS
• PATHOGENIC FORMS
• BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
• CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
• CLOSTRIDIUM PERFINGINS
• CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM

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IMPORTANCE OF SPORES

• SOIL BACTERIA
• CONSTANT THREAT TO STERILITY AND CLEANLINESS
• RESIST BOILING, SOAPS, DISINFECTANTS
• CONTAMINATE LABS, HOSPITALS, WOUNDS AND FOOD

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BACTERIAL SHAPES

• ROUND--COCCUS
• ROD--BACILLUS
• SPIRAL--SPIRILLUM

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PLEOMORPHISM

• VARIATIONS IN SHAPE
• INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS IN CELL WALLS
• CAUSED BY NUTRITIONAL OR GENETIC DIFFERENCES

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CELL ARRANGEMENTS

• DUE TO HOW CELLS DIVIDE
• WHETHER THEY REMAIN ATTACHED
• GREATEST VARIETY IN COCCI

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VARIATION IN COCCI
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SINGLE
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DIPLOCOCCI
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TETRADS
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IRREGULAR CLUSTERS
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CHAINS
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STREPTOCOCCUS
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CUBOIDAL PACKETS
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VARIETY IN BACILLUS
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SINGLE
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DIPLOBACILLUS
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DIPLOBACILLUS
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STREPTOBACILLUS
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PALLISADE ARRANGEMENT
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PALLISADE ARRANGEMENT
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VIBRIO
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VIBRIO CHOLERAE
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VARIATION IN SPIRILLA
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SINGLE
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SINGLE
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CHAINS
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ODD SHAPED BACTERIA
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SOME TERMS USED IN BACTERIOLOGY
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SPECIES

• NOT CLEARLY DEFINED IN BACTERIA
• DO NOT REPRODUCE SEXUALLY
• ACCEPT GENETIC MATERIAL FROM UNRELATED FORMS
• ALTER GENETIC MAKEUP
• COLLECTION OF BACTERIA WITH SIMILAR TRAITS

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SUBSPECIES

• STRAINS AND TYPES

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STRAINS

• DERIVED FROM SINGLE PARENT
• DIFFERS IN STRUCTURE OR METABOLISMS FROM OTHER
  CULTURES
• BIOVARS, MORPHOVARS OR SEROVARS

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BIOVARS

• DIFFERENT BIOCHEMICALLY OR PHYSIOLOGICALLY

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MORPHOVARS

• DIFFER MORPHOLOGICALLY

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SEROVARS

• DISTINCT ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES

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TYPE STRAIN

• ONE DESIGNATED STRAIN
• USUALLY ONE OF FIRST STUDIED
• ONLY STRAINS SIMILAR TO TYPE STRAIN ARE INCLUDED
  IN SPECIES

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ABNORMAL BACTERIA

• RICKETTSIAS
• CHLAMYDIAS
• MYCOPLASMAS
• PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
• CYANOBACTERIA
• GREEN PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA
• GLIDING AND FRUITING BACTERIA
• ARCHEBACTERIA
• APPENDAGED BACTERIA

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RICKETTSIAS
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RICKETTSIAS
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CHLAMYDIA
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CHLAMYDIA
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(No Transcript)
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MYCOPLASMAS
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MYCOPLASMAS
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MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
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PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

• CYANOBACTERIA AND GREEN PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA

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CYANOBACTERIA
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GREEN AND PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA
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GLIDING OR FRUITING BACTERIA
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GLIDING BACTERIA
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GLIDING FRUITING BACTERIA
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(No Transcript)
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APPENDAGED BACTERIA
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(No Transcript)
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MENDOSICUTES

• METHANOGENS, EXTREME HALOPHILES, THEMOPHILES

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METHANOGENS

• THE UFO BACTERIA

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EXTREME HALOPHILES
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HALOCOCCUS
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THERMOPHILES
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THERMOACIDOPHILES
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FINI