OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

• Bandura and Bobo

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Observational Learning

• Learning by observing others. Also called SOCIAL
  LEARNING.
• Do we learn by observing others?
• What do we learn by observing others?
• Why is this important from an evolutionary
  perspective?

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Albert Bandura

• Social Learning Theory
• The theory has often been called a bridge
  between behaviorist and cognitive learning
  theories

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Bobo Doll Experiment

• What is going on during the experiment?
• What does this experiment prove?
• Why do you think the violence increased?
• Do you think the results would be the same if
  this experiment was redone today?

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Modeling

• The process of observing and imitating a specific
  behavior.
• When is modeling most powerful?

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Necessary conditions for effective MODELING

• Attention Ones characteristics (such as
  sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual
  set, past reinforcement) affect attention.
• Retention Remembering what you paid attention
  to, including symbolic coding and rehearsal,
  mental images, cognitive organization, motor
  rehearsal
• Reproduction Being able to reproduce the image,
  Including physical capabilities, and
  self-observation of reproduction.
• Motivation Includes having a good reason to
  imitate.

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Mirror Neurons

• Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing
  certain actions or when observing another doing
  so. The brains mirroring of anothers action
  may enable imitation and empathy.

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Mirror Neurons

• While the practical application of mirror neurons
  are not fully realized or understood yet, the
  very existence of such neurons hints at the
  brain-behavior link for empathy and observational
  learning.
• Pain
  Empathy

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Prosocial Effect

• Modeling can promote positive, constructive,
  helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial
  behavior.
• How can we see this effect in our society?
• What effect do celebrities have on our society?
• Movie Stars
• Musicians
• Athletes
• Have you ever modeled your behavior after
  someone?

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Antisocial Effect

• Abusive parents might have aggressive children
• Repeated exposure to violence and antisocial
  behavior on TV has a correlation with an
  increase in
• Bullying
• Easy Sex Untrue belief of no consequences
• Reduced Empathy
• Gender Stereotyping
• Does TV cause society changes or does it reflect
  society?

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Crime Rates per 100,000

• Violent Crimes

• Murder

• 1990 729.60
• 1995 684.50
• 2000 506.50
• 2005 469.60
• 2009 429.40

• 1990 9.4
• 1995 8.2
• 2000 5.5
• 2005 5.6
• 2009 5.0