Types of Learning

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Types of Learning

• Behaviorists Style
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Observational learning
• Learning is a relatively permanent change.
• Mental activity is irrelevant and unknowable
  (30s-50s)

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Other Classical Conditioning Examples

• Sound of a dentists drill sweaty palms
• Smell of moms laundry smiling
• Sight of certain restaurant nausea
• Noise of a can opener cat comes running
• Smell of a hospital weakened immunity

How does this happen?
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Classical Conditioning

• Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov (20s)

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Pavlovs Observation

• Studied digestion in dogs
• Noticed something out of the ordinary.
• Components
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
• Unconditioned Response (UR)
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Conditioned Response (CR)

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Pavlovs Experiment Phase 1

• Before Conditioning
• Food (US) ? salivation (UR)
• Reflexive (or natural) response. UNlearned
• Tone (CS) ? nothing (CR)

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Pavlovs Experiment Phase 2

• CS is repeatedly paired with the US
• A tone is sounded before the food is presented

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Pavlovs Experiment Phase 3

• Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR
• Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation

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Demonstration

• Pre-test I say Pavlov
• How much do you drool?
• Acquisition I say Pavlov
• Eat a piece of smarties
• Test I say Pavlov -test trial
• No smarties How much do you drool?

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Classical Conditioning

• Our demo
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US)?
• Smartie
• Unconditioned Response?
• Salivate to candy
• Conditioned Stimulus?
• Pavlov!
• Conditioned Response?
• Salivate to Pavlov

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Classical Conditioning

• Stimulus generalization
• Stimulus discrimination

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Classical Conditioning

• Terms to check
• Acquisition
• Extinction
• Pavlov test trials
• Reacquisition or Spontaneous recovery

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Time to learn

• Generally people show CC after 10-15 trials.
• OCD after 3-5 trials.
• Autism condition faster.
• If you encourage the association.
• The more predictable the association, the
  stronger the response.

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Classical Conditioning Applied

• Drug overdoses
• Smoking environmental cues
• Systematic desensitization
• Advertising

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Advertisers
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Other associations

• Weather forecasters receive hate mail.
• Tupperware! rather than Bingo!
• Politicians holding babies.
• Dirty by association would you eat off a clean
  toilet brush?
• Guilty by association.

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Higher Order Conditioning

• Ex Clap my hands and say Pavlov and test your
  response to my clapping hands
• Pair CS1 with a new CS2
• CS2 CR
• But, CR will be weaker

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CTA single trial

• More likely with foods that are less familiar to
  us.
• More likely if the illness corresponds with time
  it takes to digest.
• Positive correlation b/w the intensity of the
  illness, and intensity of the learned response.
• Complexities can occur i.e. smoking, drinking.
• Very familiar (other associations already formed)
• Blame on nausea producing pills.

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Operant Learning

• Law of Effect
• Positive Reinforcer

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Types of Learning

• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Observational learning

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Operant Conditioning Examples

• Tantrums are punished fewer tantrums
• Tantrums bring attention more tantrums
• Slot machine pays out gamble more
• Reward dog for sitting dog is likely to sit

How does this happen?
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Operant Conditioning

• Law of Effect actions that have positive
  outcomes are likely repeated
• Skinner box
• chamber with a bar or key that an animal
  manipulates to obtain food or water as reinforcer
• Shaping
• reinforcers guide behavior toward closer
  approximations of a desired goal

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Operant Conditioning Principles

• Reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement

• Punishment
• Positive punishment
• Negative punishment

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Negative Reinforcement?!

• The words positive and negative are not used
  as in good or bad, but rather mathematically
  add or subtract
• Therefore Negative reinforcement - takes
  something away to reinforce behavior
• Reinforcement increases the chances the behavior
  will happen again.
• Handout

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Extinction

• Must you be reinforced every time in order for
  the behavior to continue?
• Interval (time) and Ratio ( of responses)
  Schedules
• Which do you think produce most responses?
• Fixed and Variable
• Which type is more resistant to extinction?

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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Observational Learning

• Observational Learning
• learning by observing others
• Modeling
• process of observing and imitating a specific
  behavior
• Vicarious learning.
• Canned laughter on TV shows
• Phobia t-ment
• Bartenders putting tips in an empty jar.
• Increases in times of uncertainty and when we see
  a similarity b/w self and model.

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Observational Learning of Aggression

• Banduras Bobo doll study

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Free Will

• illusion?
• Skinner the only freedom we have is to arrange
  our own consequences (environment) and not leave
  it up to government or fate.
• Only by identifying the external factors that
  give rise to doing good can we bring them under
  control so that more people will do good more
  often.

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Classical versus Operant Conditioning

• Classical conditioning
• Learned association between US and CS
• Organism is passive
• Response automatic

• Operant conditioning
• Associate response and reinforcement
• Organism is active
• Produces consequences

• Some Shared features
• Avoidance learning
• Extinction and spontaneous recovery
• Generalization and discrimination

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Using a scale from -10 (most unpleasant
experience you can imagine) though 0 (neutral
experience) to 10 (most pleasant) rate

• Imagine a bowl of your favorite soup
• Imagine a bowl of your favorite soup served in a
  brand-new bedpan.
• Imagine your favorite pizza
• Imagine your favorite pizza served to you on a
  brand-new fly swatter.
• Imagine your favorite drink.
• Imagine your favorite drink stirred with a
  brand-new toilet brush.

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Television and Observational Learning Just a bit
weaker than cigs and cancer correlation
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Negative Reinforcement?!

• Taking aspirin - removes headache and increases
  chances youll take aspirin again.
• Hurry home to get out of the cold - removes cold,
  increases chances youll hurry outside.
• Give into whining removes annoying cries,
  increases chances dog will whine again.
• Explain these putting up an umbrella to stay
  dry, putting your seatbelt on to stop annoying
  sound, smoking to relieve anxiety.
• Be sure to explain what is being removed!