Ch. 13 - Reformation Catholic Responses

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Ch. 13 - ReformationCatholic Responses

• By Lynn Wang
• Period 5

Caravaggio lthttp//i43.tinypic.com/20ac40z.jpg
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Before We Begin

• Church Strengths
• Most of the population remained loyal to the
  Church 2
• Had appeal of security and familiarity, as well
  as splendor in rituals, art 1
• Support from poor by Church charity 1
• Church Weaknesses
• Many areas of Europe turned Protestant 1
• Pope has limited power 1
• Need for organized, defined doctrine 1
• Church recognized need for reforms 1
• Counter-Reformation/Catholic Revival

2 (Sherman)
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Reformation Map
Map of Europe separated by each regions
religion lthttp//historyofeuropeanfashion.files.w
ordpress.com/2012/03/baroquewomen.jpg?w486h345gt
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Pope Paul III

• Previously, weak popes in Catholic Church 1
• Pope Paul III is elected 1534 1
• Ultimate goal strengthen papacys role in Church
  1

Pope Paul III - Titian lthttp//www.jssgallery.org/
Other_Artists/Titian/PortraitPopePaulIII.jpggt

• Proposes Church Council to organize Church 1
  doctrine ? Council of Trent (1545) 1
• Roman Inquisition 1
• Added highly qualified members to College of
  Cardinals (elects popes) to ensure succession of
  competent popes 1
• St. Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V 2

2 (Pollen The Counter-Reformation)
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Pope Paul III (Cont.)

• Not particularly pious
• Trained to become an apolostic notary - handles
  Churchs paperwork (Pope Paul III -wiki,
  Notarius)
• Had a mistress (Sylvia Ruffini), several children
  (gave positions, ex cardinal) (Pope Paul III)
• Interesting thought - Pope Paul III
• embodied the impious papacy that began
• the Reformation

• Made Sublimus Dei forbid slavery of native
  Americans, but instituted it elsewhere (Sublimus
  Dei)
• Supported the arts
• Farnesse Palace (Pope Paul III - NNDB)
• Had Michelangelo paint The Last Judgement,
  continue St. Peters basilica (Pope Paul III -
  NNDB)

The Last Judgement Michelangelo http//www.webpa
ges.uidaho.edu/rfrey/images/166/Christianity/Mich
elangelo_Frescoe_Last_Judgement20Sisten20Chapel.
jpg
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Council of Trent

• Consisted of Church leaders 1
• Italians (supported papacy) were majority 1
• Non-Italians (wanted diluted religious authority)
  1
• Met through 1545-1563 in Trent, Italy 1

• Focused on clarifying Church practices 1
• To end doubt and ambiguity 1
• For the peace and union of the Church for the
  reformation of the Clergy and the Christian
  people for theextinction of the enemies of the
  Christian name, -the sacredcouncil of
  Trenthath begun (Weber 76).
• Attempts at curbing papacys luxurious lifestyle
  with reforms 2
• Thomas Aquinas ideas are central 1

lthttp//catholicharboroffaithandmorals.com/Council
20of20Trent.jpg gt
2(Counter-Reformation)
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Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274) 2

• Aristotlean 1
• Philosophy is from pre-existing knowledge 1
• Used Five Ways to prove the existence of God 1
• Theology is to discover truths of God through
  reasoning but the Church offers the technical
  aspects 2
• Faith and reason combine in harmony 2

lthttp//www.biography.com/imported/images/Biograph
y/Images/Profiles/S/St-Thomas-Aquinas-9187231-1-40
2.jpggt
2 (St. Thomas Aquinas)
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Council of Trent Conclusions

• Seven sacraments are unshakable (including
  transubstantiation) 2
• Bible is not enough, Church tradition is
  essential to faith 1
• Priest should be present in many rituals (ex
  marriage) 1
• Concept of free will, with salvation reached
  through good deeds and faith 1
• Latin version of bible by St. Jerome is made holy
  1
• Grand rituals encouraged ? flowering of art 1

2(Counter-Reformation)
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St. Teresa

• Lived from 1515-1582, Spanish 2
• Beautiful and frivolous in her youth 3
• Sent to convent as a girl, became severely ill,
  God appeared in visions 1, 2
• Teresa gains followers, Church is concerned until
  Spanish king approves of her 1
• Teresa and her followers travel across Spain
  building covenants 1

St. Teresa lthttp//1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fpau1jzLLvM/
UHv5Mbt8yEI/AAAAAAAABdo/29WssI_tpbxk/s1600/St_Tere
saAvila.jpggt
1(Chambers)
2(Zimmerman)
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Ignatius Loyola

• Lived from 1491-1556, Spanish 1
• Born to a noble family, raised with chivalric,
  religious values 1
• Saw religion in chivalric, military views 1
• Believes in discipline, education (studied 11
  years, attended universities) 2

Ignatius Loyola lthttp//www.stigchurch.org/Assets/
ignatius-portrait.jpggt

• Had 8-day long vision of an outline of Spiritual
  Exercises and the Society of Jesus 1
• Loyola and followers approved by Paul III in 1538
  as a religious order The Society of Jesus 1
• "I will believe that the white that I see is
  black if the hierarchical Church so defines it -
  Loyola3

2(Pollen St. Ignatius Loyola)
3(Society of Jesus)
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The Spiritual Exercises

• Revised multiple times 1
• Discusses Church doctrines and how to live
  faithfully 1
• Requires 4-week long period to examine own faith,
  make connection to God 1
• Salvation is voluntary there is free will, and
  good works that one does leads to salvation 1
• Missions sections of The Spiritual Exercises
  preached popular in England 2

The Spiritual Exercises lthttp//libraries.slu.edu/
a/digital_collections/spiritual-journeys/images/ex
ercises-title.jpggt
2(Pollen St. Ignatius Loyola)
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The Society of Jesus

• Four duties
• Mission Work 1
• Preaching 1
• Listening to confessions 1
• Teaching 1
• Schools became famously good, some Protestants
  enroll children who converted 1
• Intellectually gifted chosen, given high
  education ? effective tool for Church 1
• Conversion preferred over execution 1

lthttp//www.loyolapress.com/assets/fg_comp/137218_
content.jpggt
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Baroque Period

• Examples
• Caravaggio 1
• Rubens 1
• Velásquez 1
• Bernini 1
• Claudio Monteverdi (music) 1

• Dramatic, passionate, to awe the audience 1
• From idea of grandeur in Church image 1
• Used striking contrasts of light and dark 2
• Sense of unity emphasized 2
• Council of Trent and Catholic Church want art to
  evoke religious piety 2

lthttp//www.nyu.edu/classes/gilbert/classic/images
/barorchdetail.gifgt
2(Baroque)
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Baroque Art Examples
The Ecstasy of St. Teresa lthttp//castinet.castill
eja.org/users/pmckee/culture_civilizations/bernini
.-ecstasy2.jpggt
Berninis sculpture and architecture epitomized
the Baroque Period qualities 1

• Claudio Monteverdi - composer, developed opera
  and orchestra 1
• Orfeo 1 (Toccata dOrfeo http//www.youtube.com/w
  atch?v-fH5zbdzV4k)

The Calling of St. Matthew Caravaggio lthttp//u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/C
aravaggio_-_La_vocazione_di_San_Matteo.jpg/300px-C
aravaggio_-_La_vocazione_di_San_Matteo.jpggt
The Fall of Phaeton Rubens? lthttp//uploads7.wi
kipaintings.org/images/peter-paul-rubens/the-fall-
of-phaeton.jpggt
Caravaggio used dramatic light and dark 1
Rubens painted the magnificence of the Church and
faith 1
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Use of Propaganda

• Propaganda utilized by both Reformation and
  Counter-Reformation 1
• Both try to portray other as Devil 1
• Invention of printing press plays large part 1
• Catholics demonize Luther 1
• Song lyrics with certain words replaced used 1
• Distributed through pamphlets with pictures 1

Luthers Game of Heresy lthttp//www.people.vcu.edu
/jahartmann/images/Propaganda_in_the_Reformation.
pdfgt
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Other Church Actions

• Inquisition restarted in 1542 1
• Harsh punishment for accused 1
• Index of Forbidden Books in 1557 1
• Books considered heretical, have ideas different
  from Church, are banned 2
• Only ended in 1966 with Pope Paul VI 2

The Room of the Roman Inquisition
Picart lthttp//www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/2
04435/1/The-Room-Of-The-Roman-Inquisition,-1722.jp
ggt
2(Cline Index of Forbidden Books (Index of
Prohibited Books))
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Women in the Time Period

• Women became highly involved in community work1
• Religious orders, like charities 1

Baroque Women Fashion lthttp//historyofeuropeanfas
hion.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/baroquewomen.jpg?
w486h345.gt