Male and Female Reproductive Systems

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Male and Female Reproductive Systems
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Did you know?

• The reproductive system is the only system not
  designed for the survival of the individual, but
  the survival of the species
• The female egg cell is the largest human cell
• 500 million sperm are produced per day in a
  mature male
• The ovaries of a newborn girl have about 600,000
  eggs
• A female is capable of giving birth to about 35
  children in her lifetime

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Male Reproductive systemMale External Organs

• Scrotum penis
• Male scrotum is outside the body to keep sperm
  just outside body. Sperm viable just below body
  temp.
• When temperature is too low, scrotum retracts
  towards the body
• When too hot, scrotum distends further away from
  the body
• Both are covered by skin

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Penis

• Urethra-
• Carries urine or semen
• 2 Corpora Cavernosa
• The erectile tissue with many small cavities fill
  with blood to form erection
• Glans- head of penis
• Corona- posterior border of glans

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Male Reproductive System
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Internally divided into many lobules Each lobule
contains a seminiferous tubule Spermatogenesis
takes place here Interstitial cells near septa
that separate lobules Secrete testosterone
Testes
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Testosterone

• The masculinizing hormone
• Responsible for change in voice
• Stimulates protein anabolism ? males usually
  more muscular /stronger
• Changes size and shape of bones
• Produces body and facial hair
• Maintains development of male accessory organs

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Spermatogenesis-10 Weeks to Development2N
diploid ? N haploid
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Haploid package of genes Acrosome contains
enzymes to penetrate the egg Middle section
packed with mitochondria Flagella to swim
Sperm
With enzymes that help break through Zona
pellucida that surrounds egg.
flagellum
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Sperm Facts

• Average of 180 million released at a time, can be
  up to 400 million
• Sperm count less than 60 million is considered
  clinically infertile
• Die in fresh water
• Die as they dry out
• Sperm can live in a female for up to 7 days

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Accessory Ducts Glands

• Seminal Vesicle- produces about 60 of seminal
  fluid.
• Proteins, enzymes, mucous, vitamin C, fructose
• Prostate Gland- produces a slightly basic fluid
  (7.3 pH) to help neutralize acidity of vagina to
  preserve sperm. 10-30 of seminal fluid
• Bulbourethral Gland (Cowpers Gland)- produces
  clear pre-ejaculate to lubricate urethra and
  neutralize urine residue
• Ejaculatory Duct- Semen passes through during
  ejaculation

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Male Fertility Testing

• Sperm counts
• Fructose levels
• Motility
• Structure

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Disorders of Male Reproductive

• Testicular Cancer-
• Most common cancer in males under 40
• Male teens should learn testicular examinations
  to feel for tumor growth
• Hernia-
• Portion of intestines breaks through abdominal
  wall into scrotum

• Prostate Cancer
• Prostate grows with age, and can become cancerous
• Rare under 40
• Pain passing urine or slow passage
• Highly treatable if detected early
• STDs

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Circumcision
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Vasectomy
Post Vasectomy Sperm Counts to ensure successful
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Female Reproductive SystemFemale External
Genitalia- Vulva
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Ovaries

• Made of several thousand ovarian follicles
• Each contains an ovum
• Produce one mature ovum per month
• Produce sex cells hormones
• Estrogen Progesterone

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Female Reproductive System
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Ovum Development

• Each ovum is in a follicle
• Each follicle goes through a cycle of development
  each month releasing estrogen
• When egg is released from mature follicle,
  ovulation occurs
• Corpus Luteum- follicle without egg that produces
  progesterone, necessary to maintain pregnancy

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Fallopian Tubes

• Not connected to ovary
• Eggs are discharged into abdomen and find their
  way to fallopian tubes
• Lined with cilia to help move egg towards uterus

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Uterus

• About the size of a pear
• Lies behind bladder
• Late stages of pregnancy moves up and can push on
  diaphragm
• Almost all muscle
• Grows considerably to hold baby fluid
• Cervix is lower narrow section

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Functions of Uterus

• Three functions
• Menstruation
• Low levels of hormones after 14 days after
  ovulation trigger shedding of endometrium
• Repairs itself after in preparation for pregnancy
• Pregnancy
• Labor

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Vagina

• Made of smooth muscle
• Lined with a mucous membrane
• Organ that sperm enters
• Organ baby exits

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Breasts

• Lies over pectoral muscles
• Mostly fatty tissue
• 15-20 radially arranged lobes containing several
  lobules
• Lobules contain milk-secreting cells
• Cells arranged in grape-like clusters called
  alveoli
• Alveoli drain into lactiferous ducts that head
  towards nipple
• Areolar colored region around nipple
• Turns from pink to brown in early pregnancy

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Menstrual Cycle

• Typically 28 days
• Three phases
• Menstruation
• Postmenstrual
• Premenstrual
• One ovum matures per month for 30-40 years

• Consists of changes in
• Breasts
• Uterus
• Ovaries
• Vagina
• Anterior Pituitary secretion of hormones

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Ovulation

• 1st day of period is 1st day of cycle
• Ovulation occurs 14 days before next period
• Cycle may vary in length of days
• Ovum only lives short time after it is ejected

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Hormones Involved

• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- stimulates
  ovarian follicle to start growing and secreting
  estrogen
• Estrogen- Responsible for breast growth,
  thickening of endometrium
• Leteinizing Hormone (LH)- triggered by elevated
  blood estrogen. Causes maturation of ovum
  follicle, ovulation, and formation of corpus
  luteum
• Progesterone- secreted by corpus luteum and helps
  maintain pregnancy. If pregnant, placenta
  maintains level, if not, levels drop and
  menstruation occurs

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Cycling of Hormones
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Menstrual Cycle
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How does The Pill work?

• A 21 day combination of estrogen progesterone
• Suppresses FSH prevents ovulation
• Last 7 pills are placebo to maintain practice of
  pill taking
• Antibiotics, anti-seizure, migrane medicine
  reduce effectiveness of pill
• Does NOT protect against STDs

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Female Disorders/Conditions

• Endometriosis
• Endometrial lining grows outside of the uterus
• Very painful periods
• Abnormal bleeding
• Could cause infertility
• Fibroids
• Benign tumors
• Pain, heaviness in abdomen
• Menopause
• Mechanisms of menstruation cease to function due
  to age

• Ovarian Cysts
• May cause pelvic or abdominal pain or bleeding if
  rupture
• Most commonly benign but should be investigated
• Result of follicles growing too large
• Many go away on their own
• HPV STDs

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Ectopic Pregnancy
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Tubal Ligation