Characteristics of Biotic Factors

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Characteristics of Biotic Factors

• Made of cells. Consist of levels of organization
  (cell, tissue, organ, organ system)
• Respond and adapt to their environment
• Grow and develop
• Reproduce - The production of offspring that are
  similar to the parents.
• Use energy. Undergo chemical reactions
  (metabolism)
• Movement. Maintain Homeostasis

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Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells.
• Basic unit of structure and function of all
  living things.
• Cells come from preexisting cells through cell
  division.

cell
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Cell History

• Robert Hooke 1st to study the structure of the
  cell (cork) in 1665 (English)
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek Created simple
  microscopes discovered bacteria (Dutch )
• Schleiden and Schwann 1830s plant animals are
  made of cells (German )
• Francesco Redi - Italian scientist mid-1600s
  attempt
• Louis Pasteur - French mid-1800s spontaneous
  generation

http//www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/ebook/products/0-
13-036800-8/bkaex020.pdf
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Cell Structure Function
http//koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
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Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
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Over 200 different types of human cells
Erythrocytes
Fibroblasts
Epithelial cells
(a) Cells that connect body parts, form
linings, or transport gases
Nerve cell
Skeletal Muscle cell
(e) Cell that gathers information and
control body functions
Smooth muscle cells
(b) Cells that move organs and body parts
Sperm
Macrophage
(f) Cell of reproduction
Fat cell
(d) Cell that fights disease
(c) Cell that storesnutrients
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Generalized Cell

• All cells have some common structures and
  functions
• Human cells have three basic parts
• Plasma membraneflexible outer boundary
• Cytoplasmintracellular fluid containing
  organelles
• Nucleuscontrol center

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Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
1/10 the size of eukaryotic cells Large compared to prokaryotic cells
Nuclear area not membrane bound called the nucleoid Membrane bound nucleus w/ a nucleolus
Single circular DNA Many chromosomes w/ linear DNA
No membrane bound organelles MB Golgi, lysosomes, ER, peroxisomes, mitochondria
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Similarities
Both have ribosomes and cytoplasm Both require a supply of energy
Both have DNA as their genetic material
Both are covered by a plasma (cell) membrane Both are made from the same basic chemicals carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, minerals, fats and vitamins. Both regulate the flow of the nutrients and wastes that enter and leave them
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Prokaryotic
An organism whose cells lack a true nucleus and
Some other cell structures.

• Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
• Few internal structures
• EX Bacteria

Unicellular one Celled
http//www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/04700037
90/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm
http//library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_
cells.html
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Eukaryotic Cell - plant
Multicellular Many cells
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Eukaryotic Cell - animal
Multicellular Many cells
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Cell Parts

• Organelles Small cell structures

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Surrounding the Cell
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Cell Membrane

• All cells contain a cell membrane
• Controls movement in and out of the cell
• Double layer

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
l
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Cell Walla rigid layer of nonliving material
that surrounds the cells of plants and some other
organisms.

• The outermost structure of the cell
• Most commonly found in plant cells bacteria
• Supports protects cells

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
l
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Inside the Cell
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Nucleus

• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA

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Nuclear Membrane

• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow material to enter and leave
  nucleus

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
l
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Chromosomes
A rod-shaped cellular structure made of
condensed chromatin

• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions for traits characteristics

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
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Nucleolus

• Inside nucleus
• Create ribosomes
• Contains RNA to build proteins

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
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Cytoplasm

• Gel-like mixture 80 water
• Located between the nucleus and cell membrane
• Many organelles found suspended within the
  cytoplasm

Cyto cell
Plasm to form or mold
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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Transport system - Moves materials to Golgi
• Smooth type lacks ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured) ribosomes embedded in
  surface

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
l http//www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorial
s/pev/page3.html
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Ribosomes

• Make proteins
• Each cell contains thousands - found on ER
  floating throughout the cytoplasm

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
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Mitochondria

• Produces energy through chemical reactions THE
  POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
• Controls level of water and other materials in
  cell
• Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and
  carbohydrates

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
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Golgi Bodies

• Sorts, modifies, stores, packages distribute
  materials
• Move materials within out of the cell

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
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Lysosome

• Transports undigested material to cell membrane
  for removal
• Contain digestive enzymes break down old cell
  parts, cells, bacteria, and viruses
• Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
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Vacuoles

• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and
  waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain shape

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
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Chloroplast

• Usually found in plant cells
• Contains green chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis takes place

http//library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.htm
l
http//www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/04700037
90/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm