Evolution of Warfare

1
Evolution of Warfare

• Intro
• Military Terms and Concepts
• Capt Bartis

2
Outline

• Definitions
• Threads of Continuity
• Internal
• External
• Principles of War
• Levels of War
• Forms of Strategy
• Operations and Tactics
• Terms

3
Objectives

• Understand internal and external threads of
  continuity
• Understand the Principles of War
• Become familiar with levels of war, forms of
  strategy, categories of operations and tactics,
  terms

4
Common Threads of All Definitions

• 1. Armed Conflict - the duel
• 2. Force - the means
• 3. Impulse Over Will - conflict is the common
  denominator

5
Definitions of War

• Conflict carried on by force of arms as between
  nations or states.
• Any conflict between rival groups by force of
  arms or other means,recognized as a legal
  conflict. (Preston and Wise)
• An act of force to compel the enemy to do our
  will. (Clausewitz)

6
War is also

• Instrument of Policy (derived via a political
  process)
• War is the expression of both politics and
  policy.
• Strategy must strive to achieve policy goals
• Policy goals are created in the realm of politics

7
War is

• Organized violence
• Waged by two or more distinguishable groups
  against each other
• In pursuit of some political end
• Sufficiently large in scale and in social impact
  to attract the attention of political leaders
• Continued long enough for the interplay between
  the opponents to have some impact on political
  events

8
Definitions of Strategy(Greek Generalship)

• The art and science of developing and using
  political, economic, psychological, and military
  forces as necessary during peace and war, to
  afford the maximum support to policies, in order
  to increase the probabilities and favorable
  consequences of victory and to lessen the chances
  of defeat.

9
Definitions of Strategy

• The science and art of employing the political,
  economic, psychological and military forces of
  adopted policies in peace or war. (Webster)
• The science and art of military command
  exercised to meet the enemy in conflict under
  advantageous condition. (Webster - 2nd def)
• The art of distributing and applying military
  means to fulfill the aims of policy. (Hart)
• A specific way of using specified means to
  achieve distinct ends.

10
Political Objectives National Strategy Support
ing Strategies
Diplomatic Economic Military Informational
11
Definitions of Operations

• Operation - A military action or the carrying out
  of a strategic, tactical, service, training, or
  administrative military mission the process of
  carrying on combat, including movement, supply,
  attack, defense, and maneuvers needed to gain the
  objectives of any battle or campaign.
• A broad category of related tactical activities
  for example, offense, defense, and retrograde

12
Definitions of Operations

• Operational art - The employment of military
  forces to attain strategic and/or operational
  objectives through the design, organization,
  integration, and conduct of campaigns, major
  operations, and battles. Operational art
  translates the joint force commander's strategy
  into operational design, and, ultimately,
  tactical action, by integrating the key
  activities at all levels of war

13
Definitions of Tactics(Greek to arrange,
place, in battle formation)

• The employment of units in combat.
• The ordered arrangement and maneuver of units in
  relation to each other and/or to the enemy in
  order to use their full potentialities.
• Tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP)
• Tactics - the art and science of employing
  available means to win battles and engagements

14
Definitions of Tactics(Greek to arrange,
place, in battle formation)

• The science and art of disposing and maneuvering
  forces in combat. (Webster)
• When the application of the military instrument
  merges into actual fighting, the dispositions for
  and the control of such direct actions are termed
  tactics. (Hart)
• The art of disposing military forces in the
  presence of, or with reference to, the enemy. It
  takes care of the method, conducts the marches,
  and fights the battles.

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Planes or Levels

• Grand Strategy the articulation of national
  interests, objectives, policies and commitments
  to the use of national power.
• Military Strategy the military instrument of
  national power towards the accomplishment of the
  political objectives of the overall national
  strategy.
• Operations/Campaigns
• Tactics
• How do military means relate to political ends?

16
Threads of Continuity

• Ability to distinguish factors/changes in
  different ages, societies, and armies that are
  distinct
• This common reference then provides us with
  THREADS OF CONTINUITY
• Two groups
• Internal
• External

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Internal Threads of Continuity

• Military professionalism
• Profession occupation that requires specialized
  knowledge of a given field
• Conduct, aims, and qualities of members who want
  to perfect this public service that is the
  conduct of war
• Tactics
• Strictly military
• Specific techniques groups use to win battles

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Internal Threads (cont.)

• Operations
• Also strictly military
• Planning and conduct of campaigns designed to
  defeat enemy in specific area and time with
  simultaneous sequential battles.
• Links (military)strategy and (grand)tactics

19
Internal Threads (cont.)

• Strategy Long range plans and policies to use
  resources to achieve specific objectives
• Applicable to military and government
• National strategy vs Military strategy

20
Internal Threads (cont.)

• Logistics and Administration
• Logistics the providing, movement, and
  maintenance of all service and resources
  necessary to sustain military forces
• Administration mgmt of all services and
  resources necessary to sustain military forces
• Provides the materials and people (resources)
  with which to conduct war
• Design, development, acquisition, storage,
  mvemnt, distribution, maint., construction,
  medical care....

21
Internal Threads (cont.)

• Military theory/doctrine
• Theory the body of ideas concerned with
  warfare-especially the orgn and trng
• Doctrine the fundamental principles by which
  military organizations guide their actions
• From Theory comes Doctrine
• Generalship the qualities and attributes
  required to control large forcesties the
  internal threads together

22
External Threads of Continuity

• Political ideas/actions of govts or organized
  groups that affect the activities of whole
  societies
• Social popular attitudes, religious beliefs,
  morals, psychological makeup, education...
• Economic activities involving production,
  distribution and consumption of resources
• Technology use of knowledge and technique to
  gain the advantage

23
Types of Conflict

• Military - bldg an empire
• Political - balance of power
• Economic - Anglo-Dutch wars
• Religious/moral - Crusades
• Ideological - Terrorism
• Psychological Cuban Missile Crisis
• Note most wars fit 2 or more types

24
Principles of War

• Mass
• Objective
• Offensive
• Surprise
• Economy of Force

• Movement
• Unity of Command
• Security
• Simplicity

25
Levels of War

• Strategic - level at which nation or group of
  nations determines national or alliance scty
  objectives and then accomplishes the obj
• Operational - major campaigns/ops planned,
  conducted and sustained w/i Aos
• Tactical - battles are planned and executed to
  accomplish military objectives assigned to
  tactical units and task forces

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Levels of War

• Strategic level of war - The level of war at
  which a nation, often as a member of a group of
  nations, determines national or multinational
  (alliance or coalition) security objectives and
  guidance, and develops and uses national
  resources to accomplish these objectives.
  Activities at this level establish national and
  multinational military objectives sequence
  initiatives define limits and assess risks for
  the use of military and other instruments of
  national power develop global plans or theater
  war plans to achieve these objectives and
  provide military forces and other capabilities in
  accordance with strategic plans.

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Levels of War - Operational

• Operational level of war - The level of war at
  which campaigns and major operations are planned,
  conducted, and sustained to accomplish strategic
  objectives within theaters or areas of
  operations. Activities at this level link tactics
  and strategy by establishing operational
  objectives needed to accomplish the strategic
  objectives, sequencing events to achieve the
  operational objectives, initiating actions, and
  applying resources to bring about and sustain
  these events. These activities imply a broader
  dimension of time or space than do tactics they
  ensure the logistic and administrative support of
  tactical forces, and provide the means by which
  tactical successes are exploited to achieve
  strategic objectives.

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Levels of War

• Tactical level of war - The level of war at which
  battles and engagements are planned and executed
  to accomplish military objectives assigned to
  tactical units or task forces. Activities at this
  level focus on the ordered arrangement and
  maneuver of combat elements in relation to each
  other and to the enemy to achieve combat
  objectives.

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Ends in National Strategy

• Victory - achievement of the political aims of
  the war. War must end and peace restored.
• Survival the continued existence of the
  political entity that is at war.

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Ends in Military Strategy

• Annihilation Physically overpower the enemys
  military capacity, leaving him unable to resist
  our demands. Unlimited military objective.
• Erosion seek to raise the enemys cost so high
  that he will find ending the war on our terms
  more attractive than continuing the fight.
  Military objective is limited

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Categories of Operations

• Offensive
• Defensive
• Joint

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Operational Designs

• Center of Gravity
• Which factors are critical? Which can the enemy
  not do without? Which if eliminated, will bend
  him most quickly to our will.
• Those characteristics, capabilities, or
  localities from which a military force derives
  its freedom of action, physical strength, or will
  to fight.
• The hub of all power and movement, on which
  everything depends.
• Important sources of strength. Defend
  yours/attack his.

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Operational Designs

• Critical Vulnerability a vulnerability, that if
  exploited, will do the most damage to the enemys
  ability to resist us.
• Find out where he is strong, where is his
  attention focused and seek out his flanks and
  rear, where he does not expect us and where we
  can also cause the greatest psychological damage.

34
Operational Designs

• Center of Gravity and Critical Vulnerability are
  complementary concepts.
• COG looks at how to attack the enemy system from
  the perspective of seeking a source of strength
• CV from the perspective of seeking weakness
• CV is the pathway to attacking a COG
• Both have the same purpose to target our
  actions in such a way as to have the greatest
  effect on the enemy.-

35
Operational Designs

• Culminating Point -The point in time and space
  when the attacker can no longer accomplish his
  purpose, or when the defender no longer has the
  ability to accomplish his purpose. This can be
  due to factors such as combat power remaining,
  logistic support, weather, morale, and fatigue

36
Operational Designs

• Commander's intent. Guidance which enables
  subordinate leaders to act in a changing
  environment in the absence of additional orders.
  At a minimum, it must describe the result (end
  state of the battlefield) as related to the enemy
  and terrain. It is formulated by considering
  and/or stating the following five elements
• The purpose of the operation
•  The enemy's actions and intentions
•  The enemy's critical vulnerability and the
  commander's plan to exploit it
•  A vision of how the operation will unfold
•  The end state of the battlefield (MUST BE
  STATED)

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Maneuver Warfare

• "Maneuver warfare is a warfighting philosophy
  that seeks to shatter the enemy's cohesion
  through a series of rapid, violent, and
  unexpected actions which create a turbulent and
  rapidly deteriorating situation with which he
  cannot cope"

38
Maneuver verse Attrition

• Maneuver warfare. Choosing when and where to
  fight, pitting our strengths against enemy
  weaknesses. The goal is to render the enemy
  incapable of resisting by shattering his moral
  and physical cohesion--his ability to fight as a
  whole. The focus is on defeating the enemy not
  necessarily destroying him
• Attrition warfare. An approach to warfare that
  seeks victory through the cumulative destruction
  of the enemy by means of massive firepower,
  technology and prolonged combat. This method
  assumes that we can deliver more punishment than
  the enemy can withstand while he attempts to do
  the same to us. The focus here is on the
  physical destruction of the enemy and is usually
  associated with brutal battles that inflict
  substantial, but often avoidable casualties on
  both sides.

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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

• Focus on the enemy. Methodical, attrition-style
  warfare focuses internally on what you bring to
  the battle in maneuver the look is outward on
  the enemy! We call this shaping the battlefield. 
• Full understanding of commander's intent is
  critical.
• Think ahead, visualize the battle through the
  enemy's eyes.
• Attempt to shape the general conditions in our
  favor.
•  Do not become inflexible--leave yourself at
  least two ways to win.

40
Maneuver Warfare Considerations

• Act quicker than the enemy can react.
•  OODA LOOP-BOYD Cycle. Observe-Orient-Decide-Acti
  on.
• Korea - Russian MIG, greater speed, acceleration,
  armament vs US F-86 Sabrejet's bubble
  canopy/hydraulic controls, better
  maneuverability.
•  Applies to all warfare, particularly maneuver
  warfare.

41
Maneuver Warfare Considerations

• Tempo
•  Maintaining a pace of operations with which the
  enemy cannot cope.
•  Causing sensory overload on enemy command and
  control.
• OODA Loop--The enemy faces numerous dilemmas at
  the same time.
• Can be sustained by prudent use of all available
  ground, sea, and air assets. Supporting arms,
  electronic warfare, counter-battery radars,
  JOINT-STARS, etc.
• Desert Storm, a classic example of putting an
  enemy in a dilemma through TEMPO

42
Maneuver Warfare Considerations

• Support maneuver by fire. Through the use of
  Combined Arms. The full integration of arms in
  such a way that in order to counteract the
  effects of one weapon system the enemy must make
  himself more vulnerable to the effects of
  another.
• Put the enemy in a dilemma--a "no-win" situation.
• Accomplished through tactics and techniques.
• Take advantage of the complimentary
  characteristics of weapons systems and units.
• Epitomizes the use of combined arms.

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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

• Issue Mission-type Orders.
•  Mission Tactics. "Mission tactics are just as
  the name implies The tactics of assigning a
  subordinate mission without specifying how the
  mission must be accomplished. We leave the
  manner of accomplishing the mission to the
  subordinate, thereby allowing him the
  freedom--and establishing the duty--to take
  whatever steps he deems necessary based on the
  situation. The senior prescribes the method of
  execution only to the degree that is essential
  for coordination."

44
Maneuver Warfare Considerations

• Mission Orders
•  Mission orders can be a full five-paragraph
  order or a frag order, issued verbally or in
  writing.
• The key characteristic of a mission order is its
  mission statement which specifies the task and
  its purpose but not how to actually accomplish
  it.
• The senior commander should know how the
  subordinate intends to accomplish the task.
  (Brief-back/confirmation brief if time permits)
• There remains a need for control, coordination,
  lateral communications.
• Mission orders must always address at a minimum
•  The commander's intent statement.
• The mission statement.
•  Designation of main effort status to one of the
  subordinate units..

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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

• Commander's Intent. Commander's intent is
  guidance provided to subordinates which enables
  them to act in a changing environment in the
  absence of additional orders. At a minimum, it
  must describe the result (end state of the
  battlefield) the commander wants related to his
  force, the enemy and terrain.
•  The commander's intent statement is included in
  every operations order. (para .1.b and para
  3.a.1) It is prepared and presented by the
  commander to their subordinates.
• During the execution of an operation, a unit's
  mission may change but the commander's intent
  will remain the same.
•  Subordinates must know the commander's intent
  two levels up.
•  The commander's intent has priority over all
  other considerations it focuses initiative in
  the absence of guidance.

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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

• Avoid enemy strength and attack enemy weakness.
  These are defined as Surfaces and Gaps.
•  Enemy strengths and weaknesses.
• Pit our strengths against the enemy's weaknesses.
•  Physical aspects.
•  Intangible aspects.
•  Flexibility is essential.
• Exploit tactical opportunities developed or
  located by subordinate units.

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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

• Always designate a Main Effort.
•  The commander's bid for victory, the knockout
  punch within his tactical plan.
• Every operation, whether offensive or defensive
  in nature, requires the designation of main
  effort status to one of the subordinate units.
•  All other units must support the main effort
  directly or indirectly.
• The main effort was formerly known as the POME,
  FOME, FOE, SCHWERPUNKT, etc.

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Maneuver Warfare Considerations

• Avoid set rules and patterns.
•  Act boldly and decisively.
•  Provide for security of the force.
•  COMMAND FROM THE FRONT

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Battlefield Dynamics

• Friction. The myriad of factors that make, "the
  simple seem so difficult."
• May be mental--as in indecision over a tactic or
  a course of action.
• May be physical--as in effective enemy fire or a
  terrain obstacle that must be overcome.
• May be external--imposed by the enemy action,
  environment or luck.
• May be internal--self-induced by over-reliance on
  a particular arm, technology, or complicated
  plans.

50
Battlefield Dynamics

• Uncertainty. The factors all of which seek to
  undermine our well-thought plans generate an
  atmosphere known as the "fog of war." Coupled
  with friction, chaos reigns.
• Disorder. A corollary of friction, fog and
  uncertainty. Caused by the constant push-pull of
  combat that results in conflicting, incomplete
  and/or inaccurate information.
• Human Reaction. Because of the overriding moral
  dimension of war, ammo counts, force ratios,
  orders of battle, or any mathematical computation
  will not assure victory. The human factor will
  be decisive. Preparing for the human reaction
  and the hardship of war is among the most
  significant challenges of the commander.
• Violence and Danger. The result of fear, hatred,
  and loss of friends will have a debilitating
  effect on your Marines. You must constantly be
  aware that controlling violence, rather than
  initiating it, will be the most daunting
  challenge.

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Terms

• Read em.