The French Revolution Continues

1
The French Revolution Continues

• The Age of the Directory
• 1795-1799

2
Learning Objectives

• Identify and explain 3 key goals of the
  Thermidorians.
• Identify and explain 3 accomplishments of the
  Thermidorian Revolt.
• Identify and explain 2 main ideas of society
  under the Age of the Directory.
• Identify and explain 3 key developments that
  brought Napoleon to power.

3
Thermidorian Goals

• Limit power of the Committee of Public Safety
• End use of the terror
• Create a new national government and constitution
• Restore order throughout France

4
Thermidorian Accomplishments

• Jacobin Clubs shut down
• New Constitution created
• Two house legislative assembly
• Upper House Council of the Ancients
• Reviews and Approves Laws proposed by Council of
  500
• Lower House Council of 500
• Initiates laws
• 2/3 of both bodies came from former National
  Convention
• Both bodies elect a 5 man executive council The
  Directory

Joseph Fouché One of the First Directors
5
Politics and Society, 1795-1799

• Turned away from lower classes and sans-culotte
• Return of bourgeois culture
• Property and wealth determined status
• Economic instability
• Load of firewood
• 20 francs 1789, 500 francs 1795
• Bread increased in price 13 times in 1795
• maximum abandoned

Return of High Society during the Directory
6
Politics and Society, 1795-99

• Bourgeoisie and old nobility set cultural norms
  of the day
• Fashion emphasized plunging necklines, rising
  hemlines
• Red colored symbols of sans-culotte vanished
  like the phyrgian cap
• Speech changed now the more formal vous used,
  not the republican tu

7
Abbe Emmanuel Sieyes

• Became of the directors
• Political and economic instability present,
  Sieyes decided to overthrow the government with a
  coup d etat
• 18th Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799)

8
Napoleon Bonaparte

• Sieyes partners with young, up-and-coming
  general, Napoleon Bonaparte
• Napoleon claimed a Jacobin conspiracy was
  discovered
• A new constitution must be written

9
Learning Objectives

• Identify and explain 3 key goals of the
  Thermidorians.
• Identify and explain 3 accomplishments of the
  Thermidorian Revolt.
• Identify and explain 2 main ideas of society
  under the Age of the Directory.
• Identify and explain 3 key developments that
  brought Napoleon to power.

10
The Age of Napoleon

• Born in August, 1769 on Corsica.
• Attended school in Brienne in 1779.
• 5 feet, 2 inches about the average height of a
  Frenchman of the era.
• Part of the Revolution from the beginning.

11
Learning Objectives

• Identify and explain 3 key developments in France
  under Napoleon
• Identify and explain why Napoleon could be viewed
  as both a liberator and conqueror by the peoples
  outside France.
• Identify and explain 1 statement of importance
  for each Battle of Trafalgar, Austerlitz,
  Peninsular War, and Invasion of Russia.
• Identify and explain 3 key goals of the Congress
  of Vienna.

12
Consulate

• Government after the Directory was overthrown
• Stepping stone toward Napoleon becoming emperor
• Constitution of 1799 called for creation of
  authoritarian three consul executive

Monsiau,Nicolas Andre The Council of the
Cisalpine Republic,united for an electoral
meeting, proclaims the First Consul Napoleon
Bonaparte their president. Januar 26,1802. Canvas
Musee National du Chateau, Versailles, France
13
Napoleon Becomes Emperor

• December, 1804, people of France vote to change
  from the Consulate to an empire.
• The government of the republic is trusted to an
  emperor. - 1804 Constitution

14
Napoleons France

• Concordat of 1801
• Catholicism and religion reemphasized
• Church gains greater role in society, while
  agreeing to limitations by the state
• Lycees
• State sponsored elite secondary schools
• Code Napoleon 1804
• Creates system of laws throughout France
• Emphasizes equality before the law, property
  rights, meritocracy, and subordination of women
  to men.

Napoleonic Code created in 1804 codifies laws
throughout France, confirms abolition of Old
Order, ends feudalism forever
15
Napoleon Abroad

• Liberator?
• Exported revolutionary ideals of French
  Revolution throughout Europe
• Attack Old Order in Prussia, Austria, Italy
• Conqueror?
• Foraging armies that lived off the land, aroused
  anger and nationalism of conquered peoples.

16
Napoleons Empire

• In spite of the concert of Europe joining forces
  to defeat France, French armies dominate the
  continent from 1804-1812

17
Napoleonic Wars, 1800-1815

• Trafalgar 1805 French fleet defeated thus
  ensuring Great Britain supremacy of the seas.
• Continental System 1806-10 created with the
  Berlin and Milan decrees, France seeks to close
  all European ports to British trade.
• Battle of Austerlitz Dec., 1805 smashes Third
  Coalition with defeat of Prussia creates the
  Confederation of the Rhine
• Peninsular War 1808-13 France seeks to
  suppress Spanish and Portuguese nationalism and
  is not successful
• Failure of the Grand Armys Invasion of Russia
  June December, 1812

18
Congress of ViennaSept. 1814 June 1815

• Wanted to create a system based upon the balance
  of power.
• France surrounded by powerful adversaries to keep
  her in check.
• Restore Monarch and the rule of the Ancien Regime
• Begins what is called the Concert of Europe that
  will keep peace until 1914

The Five Great Powers meet together Russia,
Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, and France
19
Congress of Vienna Timeline

• Napoleon surrendered to the allied powers of
  Europe in Paris.
• 1814, May Treaty of Paris - restored the Bourbon
  line to the throne of France and reduced it to
  its former size (pre-1792)
• 1814, September The Congress of Vienna convened
  with representatives from England, Prussia,
  Russia, Austria, France.
• The congress met to reconstruct the map of Europe
  and develop a balance of power that would prevent
  another massive take-over by one country.

20
Congress of Vienna continued

• 1815, March 1st Napoleon landed in Southern
  France with an army of 1000 men hoping to take
  the allies by surprise and regain control of
  France.
• 1815, March 13th Napoleon reached Paris and
  defeated the army of Louis XVIII, declared
  himself emperor began his 100 day reign of
  France
• 1815, June 8 Final act of Congress of Vienna
  signed, ending the summit with a reconstructed
  Europe and a plan for a balance of power
• 1815, June 18 Battle of Waterloo, Belgium
  Germans, Dutchmen and English defeated Napoleon's
  strengthened army due to Napoleon's unfortunate
  medical condition ended Napoleon's final reign
  of France
• 1821, May 21 Napoleon died on St. Helena, a
  small, English-owned island in the South Pacific

21
Learning Objectives

• Identify and explain 3 key developments in France
  under Napoleon
• Identify and explain why Napoleon could be viewed
  as both a liberator and conqueror by the peoples
  outside France.
• Identify and explain 1 statement of importance
  for each Battle of Trafalgar, Austerlitz,
  Peninsular War, and Invasion of Russia.
• Identify and explain 3 key goals of the Congress
  of Vienna.